Iran has said that it is ready to respond to any US ground attack, accusing Washington of preparing a land assault while seeking talks, as regional powers met in Pakistan Sunday to try to bring the two sides together.
The initial discussions in Islamabad with Saudi Arabia, Turkiye and Egypt focused on proposals to reopen the Strait of Hormuz to shipping, sources familiar with the matter said.
More talks will be held today.
Iran's effective blockade of oil and gas shipments through the strait since the US and Israel began attacking the country on February 28 is spreading economic pain around the world.
Food and energy security and supply chains were among issues discussed in Pakistan, Egypt's foreign ministry said.
As the conflict entered its second month, Israel's military said it had launched over 140 air strikes on central and western Iran, including Tehran, over the 24 hours to evening Sunday, hitting ballistic missile launch sites and storage facilities, among other targets.
A chemical plant in southern Israel near the city of Beer Sheva was hit by a missile or missile debris as Israel fended off multiple salvos from Iran, prompting official warnings to the public to stay away due to "hazardous materials".
Another missile hit open ground near homes in Beer Sheva, located near several military bases, injuring 11 people.
The war has killed thousands of people and affected countries across the Middle East, with major aluminium plants in Bahrain and the United Arab Emirates damaged by air strikes over the weekend.
The UAE, which has faced more Iranian missile and drone attacks than any other country, is seeking reparations from Iran for attacks on civilians and vital facilities and clear guarantees to prevent any repetition, an adviser to the president said.
Pakistan has offered to host peace talks, but the United States, Israel and Iran have set out maximalist positions to end the warfare, complicating the path to a solution.
Iran's parliament speaker Mohammad Baqer Qalibaf accused the US of sending messages about possible negotiations while at the same time planning to send in troops, adding that Tehran is ready to respond if US soldiers were deployed.
"The enemy publicly sends messages of negotiation and dialogue while secretly planning a ground attack," he said in a statement carried by the official IRNA news agency. "Our men are waiting for the arrival of the American soldiers on the ground to set them on fire and punish their regional allies once and for all."
"As long as the Americans seek Iran's surrender, our response is that we will never accept humiliation," Qalibaf added.
Yemen's Iran-aligned Houthis joined the conflict on Saturday, launching their first attacks on Israel and raising the prospect that they could target and thus block a second key shipping route, the Bab el-Mandeb Strait.
Analysts say renewed attacks there would pile further pressure on the world economy.
Washington has dispatched thousands of Marines to the Middle East, with the first of two contingents arriving on Friday aboard an amphibious assault ship, the US military has said.
The *Washington Post quoted US officials as saying that the Pentagon was preparing for weeks of ground operations in Iran, adding that it was not yet clear if President Donald Trump would approve such plans.
Reuters has reported that the Pentagon has considered military options that could include ground forces.
Trump faces a stark choice between seeking a negotiated exit or escalating militarily that risks a protracted crisis, and would likely weigh further on his already low approval ratings.
"President Trump has poor options all around to end the war," said Jonathan Panikoff, former US deputy national intelligence officer for the Middle East. "Part of the challenge is the lack of clarity related to what a satisfactory outcome would be."
Washington said last week that it had offered a 15-point ceasefire plan, with a proposal to reopen the Strait of Hormuz and restrict Iran's nuclear programme, but Tehran has rejected the list and put forward proposals of its own.
An Israeli official said Israel would continue carrying out strikes against Iran on what were described as military targets, adding that there is no intention to scale back the campaign ahead of any possible talks between Washington and Tehran.
Weeks of unrelenting strikes have taken a heavy toll on ordinary people in the country.
"I miss a peaceful night's sleep," an artist in Tehran told AFP, adding that night-time strikes were "so intense it felt like all of Tehran was shaking".
Farzaneh, a 62-year-old woman in Iran's western city of Ahvaz contacted by AFP from Paris, said: "People wake up each day worried about an uncertain future."
A university in Iran's central city of Isfahan said it was hit by US-Israeli airstrikes Sunday for the second time since the war erupted.
A building housing Al Araby TV in Tehran was hit Sunday, the semi-official Mehr news agency reported, with video showing walls and windows blown out of the multi-storey block.
"The missile hit. The ceiling and everything fell on our heads. Unfortunately, we couldn't continue to work. It was a real miracle we survived," said Al Araby camera operator Mohammadreza Shademan. "There was no military target here."
With US midterm elections due in November, the increasingly unpopular war has weighed on Trump's Republican Party.
Demonstrators took to city streets across the US on Saturday in protests against the conflict.
Trump has threatened to hit power stations and other energy infrastructure if Iran does not open the Strait of Hormuz, though he has extended a deadline by 10 days through April 6.
A European diplomat warned that any further military escalation could make it harder to bring the two sides together, potentially delaying the possibility by weeks, if not longer.
Iranian threats against ships have kept most oil tankers from attempting the waterway.
Iran has agreed to let an additional 20 Pakistani-flagged vessels pass through the strait, with two ships permitted to transit daily, Pakistan's Foreign Minister Ishaq Dar has said, calling it a "harbinger of peace".
