South Korea’s outgoing central bank governor said monetary and fiscal policy are becoming less sufficient as primary tools for steering the economy, urging structural reforms as he steps down after a four-year term in which he dealt with repeated systemic shocks.“It is becoming increasingly difficult to achieve economic stability and growth through monetary and fiscal policy alone,” Rhee Chang Yong said in his farewell address on Monday. “Despite the gradual weakening of the effectiveness of monetary and fiscal policy amid changes in the economic structure, public expectations for the role of policymakers remain elevated, shaped by past successes, widening the gap between the two.”He pointed to structural shifts in the foreign exchange market, noting that movements are no longer driven mainly by overseas investors, but are increasingly influenced by domestic entities such as companies, households and the state-run pension fund. Overseas investment by Koreans now fluctuates depending on a broader set of factors that include labor markets, tax policies, pension systems and geopolitical risks, rather than just interest rate differentials, he said.“Without institutional efforts to address these realities, attempting to manage the exchange rate solely through foreign exchange market intervention or interest rate policy, as in the past, could lead to greater side effects,” Rhee said.Rhee, who left the International Monetary Fund to take over the Bank of Korea in April 2022, has overseen the full policy spectrum during his four-year term. He pushed the policy rate to its highest level since 2008 as he segued from aggressive tightening aimed at taming post-Covid inflation to a measured easing cycle as growth concerns emerged.The governor added that addressing challenges such as low birth rates and slowing growth will require structural reforms in labor and education, rather than relying on short-term macroeconomic measures. He also said Korea’s recent economic stability, supported in part by strong semiconductor demand, comes with the risk of deeper structural imbalances and inequality stemming from heavy reliance on a single industry.Reflecting on his tenure, Rhee said the past four years required policymakers to move beyond anticipated boundaries, citing a succession of crises that included the global inflation surge following Russia’s invasion of Ukraine, financial instability linked to property markets and the collapse of Silicon Valley Bank, and a period of negative growth triggered by an unprecedented domestic political shock.He also highlighted efforts to improve communication through forward guidance and to strengthen the bank’s role as a policy think tank, reiterating his call for the institution to expand research into structural issues such as housing, regional development, youth employment and elderly poverty.Shin Hyun Song has been nominated to replace Rhee, and his confirmation process is still in progress.