Economic growth has continued during a period of geopolitical turbulence, the IMF reports at theIMF–World Bank Annual Meetings. Growth is uneven, and although there is scope for stronger performance in 2027, the IMF sees greater risks of disappointment Conflict, geopolitical uncertainty, public sector debt and inflation were dominant concerns at the IMF–World Bank Annual Meetings. The meeting took place in Bangkok, Thailand. There is no sign of an end to the wars in Ukraine and the Gulf. Rising food and energy prices are major sources of inflationary pressure, and public sector debt is heading towards 100% of global GDP.Yet despite this, growth continues, supported by high levels of global trade. The continuing conflict between the US and Israel against Iran has severely restricted exports of oil and gas from the Gulf this year. The Group of Seven (G7) leading industrialised nations have agreed to release 100mn barrels of oil stocks, including diesel, through the IEA as part of earlier commitments, to ease the pressure on energy supplies. The US President Donald Trump agreed a controversial deal to import diesel from Russia, approving a waiver of sanctions against the Putin regime. Annual consumer price inflation in the US reached 3.7% in September, according to data released on October 14. The Federal Reserve had raised interest rates by a quarter-point on September 16 in response to persistent inflation. Despite the challenges, officials at the IMF anticipate economic growth globally to be 3.1% in 2026. The Fund reports that global economic activity has remained resilient. It points to the technology upturn, buffers and adaptations as explanatory factors. Growth, however, is uneven. Growth prospects are particularly weak in Gulf economies directly affected by the conflict and reduced energy exports, while Ukraine continues to face the economic costs of war. Energy exporters outside the Gulf have benefited, along with economies that have favourable terms of trade and technology-related exports. Economies without these advantages have struggled. A study by Citibank, The World Rewired: Shifts in Global Trade and Foreign Direct Investment, and data from the DHL Globalization Tracker show robust growth in trade, for example semiconductor trade related to the development of AI. There are also rapid adjustments following US trade tariffs, with many new trade routes opening up or expanding. The IMF assesses that risks are tilted to the downside, but also that there is upside potential, and a lack of certainty over which direction the global economy takes. Further escalation of conflict, including trade conflict, fiscal weakness and a reassessment of the potential for AI to spur growth form negative forces. On the other hand, there is the possibility of strong productivity gains as adoption of AI becomes widespread, and of an easing of geopolitical tensions. A reduction in energy intensity has made economies less vulnerable to energy price shocks than in the past, and there are incentives to improve this further given high oil and gas prices. The current projections are for growth of 3.1% in 2026, strengthening to 3.4% in 2027.Inflation globally remains elevated, at 4.7% this year, projected to ease to 4.1% in 2027. Some of the factors that have sustained growth in the first half of 2026 may not be sustainable, however. One factor is the drawdown of oil and other energy inventories, which has cushioned supply disruptions. Also, there is limited room for fiscal maneuver given high public deficits. The Fund’s economists remain deeply concerned over elevated levels of public sector debt, in advanced and emerging economies alike. There is no sign of it abating in the short or medium term. This year has seen significant rises in the yields paid on government bonds. Public debt is at the highest level since the Second World War, and is projected to rise above 100% of GDP globally by 2030, the IMF warned. Such elevated levels of borrowing limit options for governments to boost demand. High proportions of public spending are consumed by interest payments. Some of the highest debt-to-GDP ratios are in advanced economies, including the US. But some emerging and developing economies may be more negatively affected, for which the IMF cites a challenging combination of capital outflows in search of higher US rates, climate turbulence caused by the El Niño phenomenon, and limited investment in AI. Some nations will have to refinance maturing debt at higher interest rates, and developing countries face $400bn in debt payments to external creditors in 2026, according to Reuters.Lower-income countries often have to accept more stringent conditions for loan programmes, and so may be more at risk of recessionary conditions caused by austerity measures. The IMF acknowledges that but warns of the risk of tax cuts or higher spending funded by borrowing. To deal with cost-of-living pressures, assistance should be temporary and targeted at the most financially vulnerable, the Fund argues. Monetary policy should be tailored to circumstances, with tighter policies in economies with stronger demand pressure from the technology value chain. A more cautious stance is appropriate for energy importers outside the technology value chain, with inflation at or below target. The IMF’s annual health check on the world’s economy indicates better performance than might have been expected, but the support from energy inventories cannot last indefinitely, and governments have limited room to borrow more. Sustaining growth will depend increasingly on continued adaptation in trade and lasting productivity gains from technology.n The author is a Qatari banker, with many years of experience in the banking sector in senior positions.
4