China's economy grew at one of the slowest rates in decades last year, according to official data released Monday, as authorities struggle to overcome low consumer spending and a debt crisis in the property sector.
The 5% expansion was in line with Beijing's annual target — a low-ball figure analysts have likened to a political comfort blanket. But observers warned it was driven largely by exports and masked weak sentiment on the ground.
In a sign of the work ahead for leaders, the data also showed a significant slowdown in the last quarter of the year as expected, growing at 4.5%.
"The impact of changes in the external environment has deepened," said National Bureau of Statistics (NBS) official Kang Yi.
"The domestic contradiction of strong supply and weak demand is prominent, and there are still many old problems and new challenges in economic development," he told a news briefing.
While the reading was in line with the government's target of "around 5%" — allowing officials to declare victory — Chinese consumers remain jittery about the wider economy and high unemployment.
That is despite officials relaxing fiscal policy and subsidising the replacement of household items in a sputtering bid to boost spending.
"Everyone is thinking harder about their spending under these poor economic conditions," Yang Qing, a woman visiting a tourist area in Shanghai, told AFP.
Policies and measures to boost consumption would continue into 2026, Kang noted, including the trade-in scheme for old household appliances.
"The gradual implementation of policies to clear unreasonable restrictions in the consumption sector will support consumption growth," he said.
Figures on Monday also showed that growth in retail sales, a key indicator of consumption, slowed to 3.7% last year from 4% in 2024.
For December, the reading came in at 0.9% on-year — the weakest pace since the end of 2022, when stringent zero-Covid measures ended.
The decline in sales likely reflects the waning impact of consumer subsidies, Zichun Huang of Capital Economics wrote in a note. But overall figures likely "overstate the strength of the economy", she said.
Industrial output expanded 5.9% in 2025, a slight slowdown from the previous year, while the 5.2% increase seen in December was an improvement on November's pace.
"The December activity data suggest that output growth gained some momentum at the end of the year, but that's largely driven by resilient exports," Huang said. "We expect growth this year to be at least slightly softer than in 2025," she added.
Officials were keen to point to China's factory activity, which ticked up slightly in December to provide an unexpected silver lining to an otherwise lacklustre year's end.
A key measure of industrial health, the manufacturing purchasing managers' index, ticked up to 50.1 last month, according to NBS data, just above the 50-point mark separating contractions from expansions. The figure had not been positive since March.
But China's property sector, once a major indicator of the country's economic strength, is mired in a debt crisis despite interest rate cuts and loosened restrictions on homebuying.
Fixed-asset investments in China shrunk 3.8 % in 2025, reflecting a rebalancing following decades of heavy spending on property and infrastructure.
The broader housing market remains sluggish, with real estate investment down 17.2 % last year.
Donald Trump's return to the White House last January and the revival of a fierce trade war between the world's two largest economies added to Beijing's problems.
Chinese President Xi Jinping and Trump reached a tentative truce when they met in late October, agreeing to pause painful measures that included lofty tit-for-tat tariffs.
Official data showed Chinese exports to the US plunged 20% in 2025, but that had little impact on demand for Chinese products elsewhere.
Despite the bruising trade war, robust exports remained a bright spot in the cloudy economic picture.
China's trade surplus hit a record $1.2tn last year, with officials lauding a "new historical high" filled by other trade partners than the US.
Shipments to the Association of Southeast Asian Nations rose 13.4% year-on-year, while exports to African countries surged 25.8%.
Exports to the European Union were also up 8.4%, though imports from the bloc dipped.
Wang Dongdong, a Shanghai local working in international trade, said his business had done well enough last year that he felt confident splurging on a new car and a trip to Japan. "I think 2026 will be better than 2025, based on international trends," he told AFP.
