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A Syrian court Tuesday sentenced former ruler Bashar al-Assad (pictured) to death after a trial in absentia, convicting him of atrocities committed during the country's nearly 14-year civil war.It is the first such ruling under Syria's transitional leaders, who ousted Assad in December 2024, vowing to provide justice and accountability for crimes committed under his rule.Assad fled to Moscow as Islamist-led forces closed in on Damascus after a lightning offensive.At a court in Damascus Tuesday, Judge Fakhr al-Din al-Aryan convicted Assad of crimes including "premeditated murder, the intentional killing of more than one person, the intentional killing of children under 15 years... torture, torture leading to death, and deprivation of liberty on multiple occasions — classified as crimes against humanity and war crimes"."He is therefore sentenced to death," the judge said.Syria in April began proceedings against Assad and other officials accused of atrocities during the country's civil war, which erupted with the brutal repression of pro-democracy protesters by the former authorities.More than half a million people were subsequently killed and millions displaced, while tens of thousands disappeared, many into the country's prison system.The court also sentenced six former military and security officials in absentia to death, including Assad's brother Maher, who ran the army's elite Fourth Division.Those convicted of war crimes and crimes against humanity included former defence minister Fahd al-Freij and Louay al-Ali, who headed military intelligence in Daraa province in 2011.Former security official Atif Najib — the only one in the dock — was also sentenced to death for crimes against humanity committed when he was head of political security in Daraa province, the cradle of Syria's uprising.  A cousin of al-Assad who was arrested in January last year, Najib was convicted of crimes including "the intentional killing of children under 15", and "torture leading to death".Judge al-Aryan said Najib had denied the charges and showed "no remorse".An AFP correspondent saw dozens of people gathered at the courthouse for the ruling, many from Daraa province and some holding pictures of loved ones they said had disappeared or were imprisoned under those on trial.Ramzi Abu Naboud was carrying a picture of his brother Ahmed, who was killed when al-Assad's authorities broke up a sit-in at Daraa's Al-Omari mosque in 2011."Thank God and thanks to the judiciary, today we have obtained a judgment that has warmed our hearts," even if it will not bring back those who were killed, he said.Noha al-Masri, a prosecutor present at Tuesday's sentencing, lost her own brother in a crackdown on a Deraa protest in 2011."The ruling that came, as we expected, was as big as the sacrifices that Syrians gave for 15 years, as big as the suffering of the families and relatives of the martyrs," she told Reuters.Syrian Justice Minister Mazhar al-Wais told state television that the rulings would be referred to Syria's court of cassation for a final decision, adding that defendants had the right to appeal within 30 days.In a series of trial sessions held since late April, the court heard from witnesses and was presented with documents, images and at times classified information, while the judge's statements were sometimes televised.Human Rights Watch (HRW), which attended several of Najib's hearings, called his case and other proceedings "a test of Syrian authorities' efforts to pursue credible justice for Assad-era abuses"."Criminal proceedings need to meet international fair trial standards. That also means abolishing the death penalty," HRW's Balkees Jarrah said in a statement, urging authorities to "adopt a transitional justice law that sets out a clear legal process for these cases”.Some said the death sentence would diminish any chance of Assad and his fellow defendants being repatriated to face justice in their home country."There is a huge problem, which is that no one will hand over a criminal to a country that issues a death sentence. This will cut off the road to Assad, and many other criminals, being handed over to Syria," said Anwar al-Bunni, head of the Syrian Centre for Legal Studies and Research."This is performative justice, not transitional justice," he told Reuters.Syria's national commission for transitional justice however called the ruling against Najib "an important milestone in the process of accountability for grave crimes".Syria's uprising against al-Assad began in Daraa in March 2011, after 15 students were arrested for allegedly writing anti-government slogans on the city's walls.Residents said the students were tortured, leading to a protest demanding their release that ended in bloodshed.Security personnel suppressed peaceful demonstrations with force and fired live ammunition to disperse sit-ins at several locations.Najib was dismissed after the crackdown, as the protests spread to other provinces.The al-Assad family ruled Syria for more than five decades, with Bashar taking the presidency in 2000 after the death of his father Hafez.

Syria said Sunday that it reached a deal with Russia on the fate of its two bases in the country, which Moscow once used to provide military support to ousted leader Bashar al-Assad during the Syrian civil war. Russia was a key al-Assad ally during the 13-year conflict, helping to keep the former leader in power, and his ouster in 2024 dealt a major blow to its influence in the region. President Vladimir Putin has since worked to build relations with the new Islamist authorities in Damascus to secure the future of Russia’s only two official military bases outside the former Soviet Union. Syria’s official SANA news agency quoted the foreign ministry as saying that the Hmeimim airbase and Tartus naval base would be turned into “joint training and capacity-building centres, within new arrangements that preserve mutual interests”. The memorandum of understanding, which followed a year and a half of negotiations, “set a time limit of no more than three months to complete the process”, SANA said. In the meantime, civilian facilities at both bases will be handed over to Damascus. Russia has yet to officially comment on the agreement. Both the Hmeimim and Tartus bases had remained operational while talks were ongoing. Syrian Foreign Minister Asaad al-Shaibani visited the sites Sunday “to inspect the facilities and installations included in the historic memorandum of understanding”, according to SANA. Omar al-Hasri, head of Syria’s Civil Aviation Authority, said the body was taking control of Latakia’s international airport, a civilian facility adjacent to Hmeimim whose operations were closely linked to Russia’s presence. “The Authority’s specialised teams have begun the technical and operational assessment of the airport, its facilities and systems, in preparation for developing a plan to rehabilitate it,” Hasri said. He called the move “an important step towards restoring and operating Syrian airports and reintegrating them into the national civil aviation system”. Syria has expressed a willingness to cooperate with Moscow, and President Ahmed al-Sharaa has been received by Putin in Moscow twice since taking over. During al-Sharaa’s last visit in January, Putin said “much has been accomplished in terms of restoring our interstate relations”, commending al-Sharaa for his “efforts to restore Syria’s territorial integrity”. While al-Sharaa praised Russia’s “historic role” in Syria and the region, Damascus has repeatedly demanded that it extradite al-Assad, who has been sheltering in Moscow with his wife since his ouster. Earlier this year, the Kremlin withdrew its forces from the Qamishli airport in Syria’s northeast. 

A first group of Syrian Kurds were headed for the northeastern border town of Ras al-Ain Monday following years of displacement, months after an integration deal between the Kurds and Damascus.The January agreement on merging Kurdish forces and civil institutions into the state included the return of displaced Kurds but residents of Ras al-Ain had still been waiting, prompting appeals to authorities for assistance.Tens of thousands of Kurds were displaced when Turkiye and allied Syrian fighters seized an Arab-majority strip of territory along the Turkish border, including Ras al-Ain, from Kurdish control in 2019 during Syria's civil war.Jawan Isso, from a committee representing displaced people from Ras al-Ain, told AFP that a "first batch" of some 2,500 people were headed home Monday."This step is the result of efforts by all sides and ongoing coordination" between the Damascus and Kurdish authorities, he said, adding that "the second batch will be transferred in the coming days".An AFP correspondent saw dozens of trucks loaded with furniture and other belongings waiting to set off from near the city of Hasakeh, with men, women and children eager to depart."I've been waiting for this moment... it's like a dream for a person to return to their home," said returnee Nora Khodor, 37. "I'm happy for an end to this suffering."Human rights groups say residents' homes and belongings were seized or looted after the offensive.Some of the fighters subsequently settled in the area with their families, with some reportedly still living in Ras al-Ain, a formerly ethnically-mixed region in Syria's northeast known as Sari Kani in Kurdish.Turkiye launched successive cross-border offensives against Kurdish-led forces in northern Syria before the new Syrian Islamist authorities ousted longtime ruler Bashar al-Assad in December 2024.The new authorities have been extending central government control across the country, including formerly Kurdish-held areas."We are very happy about returning," said Rawda Mohammed, 39."I asked about my home,” she said. “They told me it is totally destroyed, but we didn’t get pessimistic because we're happy to return, and when we get there we'll see what we can do."Some 5.5mn people remain internally displaced in Syria following the more than 13-year civil war, according to the United Nations.The committee representing displaced people from Ras al-Ain said Monday's transfer was "the start of a path towards a full return", emphasising the need to protect property, housing and land rights" and provide basic services and infrastructure for returnees. 

Somaliland's President Abdirahman Mohamed Abdullahi met his Israeli counterpart Sunday in Jerusalem in his first-ever state visit, which comes months after Israel officially recognised the breakaway African state.In December, Israel became the first country to recognise the independence of Somaliland since it declared its autonomy from Somalia in 1991 following a civil war."The visit carries special significance," said Abdullahi, according to a statement issued by the office of Israeli President Isaac Herzog."It is the first state visit by a president of the Republic of Somaliland to another country, and we are deeply appreciative that the State of Israel has chosen to receive us with such an honour on this historic occasion," Abdullahi said."Somaliland has been talking, has been reaching out to the world leaders for the last 35 years. They were asking only one question: to see us. Only one country desired to see us and recognise Somaliland, and that's the government of Israel and its people."Somaliland enjoys a strategic position on the Gulf of Aden and has its own currency, passport and army, but has struggled to win international recognition amid concerns in many capitals that this would provoke Somalia and encourage other separatist movements in Africa.Herzog said that Abdullahi's visit "symbolises the great potential of this wonderful new partnership", according to the statement, adding that he hoped for increased bilateral "cooperation in a range of fields"."We both face the threat of radical extremism. We both seek security and stability in the region and in the Horn of Africa. We both see the importance of protecting maritime freedom," Herzog said.The visit comes just weeks after Israel appointed its first ambassador to Somaliland, a reciprocal move after Somaliland named its own envoy to Israel.Israeli Foreign Minister Gideon Saar had travelled to Somaliland in January -- a trip that drew sharp condemnation from Somalia, which described it as an "unauthorised incursion". 

Chad's government said Monday it was closing the border with Sudan until further notice, following clashes between Chadian soldiers and armed groups involved in the civil war across the frontier."This decision follows repeated incursions and violations committed by the forces involved in the conflict in Sudan on Chadian territory," Communications Minister Mahamat Gassim Cherif said in a statement, adding that he wanted to halt "any risk of the conflict spreading" to his country.Sudan's paramilitary Rapid Support Forces have been fighting government troops for almost three years in a conflict that has killed tens of thousands of people.It has forced 11mn people to flee their homes, triggering what the UN says is one of the world's worst humanitarian crises.The paramilitaries have conducted several operations near the Chad border and at least nine Chadian soldiers have been killed in separate incidents since December.The RSF last year consolidated its hold over Sudan's western Darfur region, leaving only enclaves outside its control.It advanced on the frontier again on Saturday, claiming to have captured the border town of Al-Tina before army-allied militias said they had repelled the attack.Many of the town's residents have already fled to Tine on the Chadian side, where tens of thousands of Sudanese have sought safety since the war broke out.Monday's statement said Chad "reserves the right to retaliate against any aggression or violation of the inviolability of its territory and its borders"."Cross-border movements of goods and people are suspended," the text said, adding that "exceptional exemptions" for humanitarian reasons would still be possible. 

Under the shadow of civil war ‌and questions over the poll's credibility, the initial round of Myanmar's phased general election closed Sunday, with signs of low ‌voter turnout for the first polls since a ‍military coup in 2021.The junta, having crushed pro-democracy protests after the coup and sparked a nationwide rebellion, said the vote would bring political stability to the impoverished Southeast Asian nation, despite ⁠international condemnation of the exercise.The United Nations, some Western countries ⁠and human rights groups have said the vote is not free, fair or credible, given that anti-junta political parties are out of the ‍running and it is illegal to criticise the polls.**media[398690]**Nobel Peace Prize winner Aung San Suu Kyi, deposed by the military months after her National League for Democracy won a general election landslide in 2020, remains in detention and the party she led to power has been dissolved.The military-aligned Union Solidarity and Development Party, led by retired generals and fielding one-fifth of all candidates against severely diminished competition, is set to return to power, said Lalita Hanwong, a lecturer and Myanmar expert at Thailand's Kasetsart University."The junta's election is designed to prolong the military's power of slavery over people," she said. "And USDP and other allied parties with the military will join forces ‌to form the next government."**media[398693]**In the lacklustre canvassing ahead of the polls, the USDP was the most visible. Founded in 2010, the year it won an election boycotted by the opposition, the party ran the country in concert with its military backers until 2015, when it was swept away by Suu Kyi's NLD.Voter turnout in Sunday's polls appeared ⁠much lower than in the 2020 ‌election, 10 residents of cities spread across Myanmar said.Further rounds of voting will be held on January 11 and January 25, covering 265 of Myanmar's 330 townships, although the junta does not have complete control of all those areas.Armed groups formed in the wake of the coup and long-established ethnic armies are fighting the military across swathes of the country, displacing some 3.6mn people and creating one of Asia's worst humanitarian crises.**media[398691]**A date for the final election result has not been declared.Dressed in civilian clothes, junta chief Min Aung Hlaing voted in the heavily guarded capital city of Naypyitaw, then held up an ink-soaked little finger, smiling widely, footage on state media MRTV showed. Voters must dip a finger into indelible ink after casting a ballot to ensure they do not vote more than once.Asked by reporters if he would like to become the country's president, an office that analysts say he has ambitions for, the general said he was not the leader of any political party."When the parliament convenes, there is a process for electing ​the president," he said.The junta's attempt to establish a stable administration in the midst of war is fraught with risk, and broad foreign recognition is unlikely for any military-controlled government with a civilian veneer, according to ⁠analysts.Tom Andrews, the UN special envoy for human rights ‍in Myanmar, said Sunday the election was not a pathway out of the country's crisis and must be strongly rejected.Zaw Min Tun, a junta spokesperson, acknowledged international criticism of the vote."However, from this election, there will be political stability," he told reporters after voting in Naypyitaw. "We believe there will be a better future."Nevertheless, Myanmar's voters did not come out in numbers close to the previous election conducted under Covid-19 restrictions, including in the commercial capital of Yangon and the central city of Mandalay, residents said.The junta's legal framework for the election has no minimum voter turnout requirement, said the ​Asian Network for Free Elections poll monitoring group.Turnout was about 70% in Myanmar's 2020 and 2015 general elections, according to the US-based nonprofit International Foundation for Electoral Systems.There has been none of the energy and excitement of previous election campaigns, although several residents in Myanmar's largest cities who spoke to Reuters did not report any coercion by the military administration to push people to vote.A handful of polling booths in Yangon, some of them near areas housing military families, had dozens of voters queued up around midday, but others were largely empty, according to two residents of the sprawling metropolis."It isn't as loud and enthusiastic as it was back in 2020," said a Mandalay resident, asking not to be named because of security concerns.The streets of Hakha, capital of the northern state of Chin, where fighting rages on, were empty after a local ⁠rebel group told residents to boycott the vote, two residents said."People from my quarter, none of us went to vote," said one of them, a 63-year-old man. "We are not interested in the election." 

Myanmar heads to the polls today as it battles a civil war that has ravaged parts of the country as well as one of Asia's worst humanitarian crises.Already one of Southeast Asia's poorest countries, Myanmar has been hammered by a conflict triggered by a 2021 coup in which the military ousted an elected civilian government led by Nobel Peace Prize winner Aung San Suu Kyi.Myanmar's ⁠humanitarian crisis is one of the ⁠most severe in Asia, driven by the intensifying civil war and repeated natural disasters, including a massive earthquake in March.The ruling junta has previously suppressed information about a severe food crisis gripping the country by pressuring researchers not to collect data about hunger and aid workers not to publish it, Reuters has reported, besides cracking down on journalists since the coup.Myanmar is one of the world's most under-funded aid operations, with only 12% of required funds received, the United Nations says.US cuts to humanitarian aid are having a crushing impact on people, the UN special rapporteur on the situation of human rights in Myanmar has said.The UN estimates that 20mn of Myanmar's 51mn people need aid as soaring ⁠inflation and a plunging currency push about half the population below the poverty line.More than 3.6mn people have been displaced from their homes, with over 6,800 civilians killed in the conflict triggered by the coup, according to UN estimates.With mounting violence forcing increasing numbers of people to flee, more than 12mn in Myanmar will face acute hunger next year, including 1mn who will need lifesaving support, according to the UN's World Food Programme (WFP).More than 16mn people across Myanmar are acutely food insecure, meaning that their lack of food threatens lives and livelihoods, the WFP estimates.They are the fifth-largest group needing aid anywhere in the world, making Myanmar "a hunger hotspot of very high concern", the agency said.More than 540,000 children across the country are expected to suffer this year from acute ⁠malnutrition – life-threatening wasting that can have severe and lifelong effects – a 26% increase from last year, the WFP said.One in three children under the age of five is already suffering from stunted growth, according to the WFP.Myanmar's economy – once deemed as one of the region's most promising – has struggled in recent years, reeling from the civil war, natural disasters and mismanagement.However, despite the challenges, Myanmar's economy is showing some signs of improvement and its GDP growth is estimated to rebound to 3% in the next fiscal year, the World Bank said this month.The projected growth is driven by post-earthquake reconstruction and continued targeted assistance for the hardest-hit areas, although inflation is expected to remain above 20%.With electricity supply deteriorating, exposing millions of people to chronic blackouts, households and businesses are increasingly embracing solar energy for reliable power.Russia, which has been building ties with the junta, signed an investment agreement ⁠with Myanmar in June that it said could open up new opportunities for Russian energy companies in the south Asian country. 

Survivors fleeing the Sudanese city of El-Fasher told AFP on Saturday that paramilitary fighters separated families and killed children in front of their parents, with tens of thousands still trapped following the city's fall. Germany's top diplomat Johann Wadephul described on Saturday the situation in Sudan as "apocalyptic" while fresh satellite images suggested mass killings were likely ongoing, five days after the paramilitary Rapid Support Forces seized El-Fasher. At war with the regular army since April 2023, the RSF pushed the military out of its last stronghold in the vast Darfur region after a grinding 18-month siege. Since the takeover, reports have emerged of summary executions, sexual violence, attacks on aid workers, looting and abductions, while communications remain largely cut off. "I don't know if my son Mohamed is dead or alive. They took all the boys," Zahra, a mother of six who fled El-Fasher to the nearby town of Tawila, told AFP in a satellite phone interview. Before reaching the nearby RSF-controlled town of Garni, she said RSF fighters stopped them and took her sons, aged 16 and 20. "I begged them to let them go," she said, but the fighters only released her 16-year-old son. Another survivor, Adam, said two of his sons, aged 17 and 21, were killed in front of him. "They told them they had been fighting (for the army), and then they beat me on my back with a stick," he told AFP. In Garni, RSF fighters saw the blood of Adam's sons on his clothes and accused him of being a fighter. After hours of investigations, they let him go. The survivors' full names have been withheld for their safety. The UN says more than 65,000 people have fled El-Fasher since Sunday but tens of thousands remain trapped. Around 260,000 people were in the city before the RSF's final assault. "Large numbers of people remain in grave danger and are being prevented by the Rapid Support Forces and its allies from reaching safer areas," Doctors Without Borders (MSF) said. The group said that only 5,000 people had managed to make their way to Tawila, about 70 kilometres to the west. The numbers of people arriving in Tawila "don't add up, while accounts of large-scale atrocities are mounting", MSF's head of emergencies Michel Olivier Lacharite said. Several eyewitnesses told MSF that a group of 500 civilians, along with soldiers from the military and the army-allied Joint Forces, had attempted to flee on Sunday, but most were killed or captured by the RSF and their allies. Survivors reported that people were separated based on their gender, age or presumed ethnicity, and that many were still being held for ransom. Darfur is home to a number of non-Arab ethnic groups, who make up a majority of the region's population, in contrast to Sudan's dominant Sudanese Arabs. Hayat, a mother of five who fled the city, previously told AFP that "young men travelling with us were stopped" along the way by paramilitaries and "we don't know what happened to them". The UN said on Friday the death toll from the RSF's assault on the city may be in the hundreds, while army allies accused the paramilitary group of killing over 2,000 civilians. Yale University's Humanitarian Research Lab suggested on Friday that mass killings were likely continuing in and around El-Fasher. The lab, which uses satellite imagery and open-source information to document human rights abuses during wars, said fresh images from Friday showed "no large-scale movement" of civilians fleeing the city, giving them reason to believe much of the population may be "dead, captured, or in hiding". The lab identified at least 31 clusters of objects consistent with human bodies between Sunday and Friday, across neighbourhoods, university grounds and military sites. "Indicators that mass killing is continuing are clearly visible," the lab said. At a conference in Bahrain on Saturday, Wadephul said Sudan was "absolutely an apocalyptic situation, the greatest humanitarian crisis of the world". The RSF said on Thursday that it had arrested several fighters accused of abuses during the capture of El-Fasher, but UN humanitarian chief Tom Fletcher questioned the group's commitment to investigating atrocities. Both the RSF -- descended from the Janjaweed militias accused of genocide in Darfur two decades ago -- and the army have faced war crimes accusations over the course of the conflict. The US has previously determined that the has RSF committed genocide in Darfur. Meanwhile, the army has drawn on support from Egypt, Saudi Arabia, Iran and Turkey. El-Fasher's capture gives the RSF full control over all five state capitals in Darfur, effectively splitting Sudan along an east-west axis, with the army controlling the north, east and centre. UN officials have warned that the violence is now spreading to the neighbouring Kordofan region, with reports emerging of "large-scale atrocities perpetrated" by the RSF. The wider conflict has killed tens of thousands, displaced nearly 12 million and created the world's largest displacement and hunger crises.