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For all the talk of trade wars and recession risks, generally the global economy has performed well in recent years. Absolute poverty has fallen, and wealth has risen. In an ownership-based global economy, those with wealth tend to accrue more wealth. Many of those born in the mid-20th century, especially in western economies, east Asia and oil-rich nations such as the Gulf, have become very wealthy indeed. As they start to die, the wealth passes down to the next generation. According to The Economist, inheritance reached around 10% of global GDP by the end of the 2010s, roughly double the proportion in the mid-20th century, and the amount passed down to the younger generation is due to total $6tn in 2025 in developed nations alone. In 2023, 53 people became billionaires through inheritance, a figure not much smaller than the 84 people who became billionaires through enterprise. Does it matter that accident of birth can be more profitable than the work ethic? It is a strong human drive to prioritise family above all else. Inheritance taxes are generally unpopular – and their implementation is problematic. They prompt all manner of ingenious tactics, such as transferring wealth before death, and the nation imposing them risks a brain drain and a wealth drain. They are better avoided, and Gulf states do not have inheritance taxes. Rich people and successful businesses still pay considerable sums in taxation. So a better approach than inheritance tax to lessen inequality may be for the state to provide affordable housing and training and employment opportunities for those with the misfortune to have parents who are poor. An old saying is that the first generation makes the wealth, the second generation maintains it, and the third generation loses it. The most spectacular example was the Vanderbilt family, one of the richest in the US in 1900, who had lost nearly all their wealth by the 1970s. But this seems to be happening less often: Wealthy families typically have a family office, and hire professional wealth managers. Being rich has become a profession. And not all rich people suffer from the third-generation curse. The Duke of Westminster once quipped that the best way to become rich in Britain is to make sure your ancestor was a close friend of William the Conqueror – King of England in the 11th century.Family offices, in common with any sector that is cash-rich and lightly regulated, are not free of scandal. In 2021 Archegos Capital Management, the family office set up by former Wall Street trader Bill Hwang, defaulted on its debts, owing more than $10bn. He received a prison sentence for fraud and market manipulation. Critics argued that the office was in effect a high-risk hedge fund, drawing attention to the loose definition of the term ‘family office’. In 2023 Singaporean police seized $3bn-worth of assets from residences, as part of an investigation into money laundering activities linked to six family offices. Since then the Monetary Authority of Singapore has tightened regulation of the sector, which has continued to grow. There are around 2,000 family offices in Singapore, up from 1,400 in 2023. At the other end of the moral spectrum, Generation Pledge is a movement co-founded by Marina Feffer-Oelsner and Sid Efromovich, through which young inheritors of wealth pledge to give 10% of their wealth to philanthropic causes within five years of inheritance, and to commit to responsible investment and business governance throughout their careers. What both philanthropists and regulators have recognised is the sheer scale of private wealth. The amount of money managed by family offices is estimated to be over $3tn, not far short of the $4.5tn of the hedge fund industry. In the Middle East, this shift towards inherited wealth is already visible, particularly in the Gulf where large fortunes built over the past few decades are now being transferred to younger generations. Unlike Western economies, the absence of inheritance tax in countries such as Qatar, United Arab Emirates, and Saudi Arabia reinforces the continuity of family wealth, making succession planning and governance even more critical. At the same time, the rapid growth of regional family offices, often linked to sovereign wealth and large business groups, is professionalising wealth management and reducing the risk of the traditional “third-generation decline.” The challenge for the region is to strike a careful balance: Preserving family prosperity while ensuring that economic opportunity remains accessible, so that growth continues to be driven not only by inheritance, but also by innovation, entrepreneurship, and human capital development.

Wall Street entered 2026 all-in — record-low cash, minimal hedging, maximum conviction. Six weeks later, a slew of consensus trades are misfiring.AI was supposed to be the can’t-miss trade. Instead, it became the threat — not to the companies building it, but to the asset-light businesses it could replace. Software firms, wealth managers, brokers, tax advisers — across the white-collar world, a decade of margin expansion repriced in weeks, sending shock waves through private debt markets loaded with loans to the same companies.This week crystallised the damage. The S&P 500 headed for its worst stretch since November before Friday’s rebound on a benign inflation print, with AI disruption fears cascading through markets of all stripes.But the pain didn’t stop at stocks. Gold whipsawed, briefly dipping below $5,000 on Thursday before recovering to end the week higher. Silver swung 11% in a single session. Bitcoin, still nearly half off its October high, briefly sank below $66,000. Even in credit, the consensus bet broke down: Junk bonds, while roughly flat, lagged investment grade by the widest margin in months. Across asset classes, the favored trades are losing to the unfavoured ones — fast.Two forces are making it worse. One is positioning. Bank of America Corp’s January investor survey found cash at a record low of 3.2%, with nearly half of managers holding no downside protection, the least since 2018. The other is the web of leverage linking seemingly unrelated portfolios, where a liquidation in one corner fuels selling in another.The trades nobody wanted — energy, staples, Treasuries — are leading the year. The favourites are trailing the underdogs. The consensus coming into 2026 has gone wrong in six weeks flat. The crowding that caused it is putting portfolio managers on high alert.“The big risk here is additional vol-shock type episodes,” said James Athey, a portfolio manager at Marlborough Investment Management. “Everything looks highly correlated and thus selling in one asset can force selling across the others.”Years of stable asset relationships have emboldened money managers to double down on their positions. According to a model designed by Jordi Visser at 22V Research, market co-movements are surging even as the Cboe Volatility Index, or VIX, remains subdued and the S&P 500 holds above its 50-day average — a combination he reads as market stress hiding beneath a calm surface. In the past two years or so, such stress signals fired up about once every month. Fewer than two months into this year, there have been a dozen.Angst resurfaced this week as the threat of AI disruptions claimed new causalities in the stock market almost daily. The VIX surpassed the widely watched level of 20. While the reading showed no signs of panic, the market demonstrated a clear desire for safety — hitting the risk-on crowd.An ETF tracking investment-grade bonds (LQD) had its best week since October relative to its high-yield counterpart (HYG), extending its lead for the year. That’s bad news for fund managers, who according to BofA’s survey, were favoring riskier debt for the first time in four years.Rather than languishing, Treasuries have climbed as demand for havens grew — first on geopolitical jitters, then on Friday’s softer-than-expected inflation data, which prompted traders to ratchet up wagers on interest-rate cuts. The iShares 20+ Year Treasury Bond ETF (TLT) ended the week with its best rally since April.By contrast, stocks fell for the fourth week in five even as corporate earnings continued to beat analysts’ estimates. An S&P 500-tracking ETF (SPY) has lagged TLT by 2 percentage points since December, the worst start to a year in a decade.One force upending the long-stocks, short-bonds trade is AI itself. Investors who cheered massive capital spending by tech giants are now questioning the payoff timeline — and whether the cash left over can still fund buybacks. AI will almost certainly boost productivity over time. Whether that’s good for stocks right now is another question entirely.“Over the last several months, AI has been hurting more stocks than it’s helping,” said Adam Crisafulli, co-founder at Vital Knowledge.For now, big moves have yet to morph into sustained market meltdowns. The S&P 500 still hovers near an all-time high and credit spreads are stuck near decade lows. Yet Thursday’s violent swings in gold and silver — triggered by no obvious catalyst other than stock weakness — hinted at how quickly turbulence can jump between asset classes when positioning is this crowded.Going by the volume of bearish and bullish options on single stocks, hedging activity is picking up. A measure of Cboe’s put-to-call ratio has spiked since January, rising from an almost four-year low.ETFs tracking companies with higher shareholder returns have attracted $3.6bn of fresh money this month, the most among so-called smart-beta funds tracked by Bloomberg.Jim Caron, chief investment officer at Morgan Stanley Investment Management Portfolio Solutions, is focusing on two things in the market: whether the AI-induced losses will create contagion, and how to diversify bets to counter that risk.“We are going through a repricing of a segment of the markets, which is the software sector,” he said on Bloomberg TV. “And there’s worry that this might create an event that is contagion for the rest of the markets.” 

Brookfield and Qai, an artificial intelligence company owned by Qatar's sovereign wealth fund, have formed a $20bn joint venture to develop artificial intelligence infrastructure in Qatar and select international markets, the two groups said Tuesday.The joint venture aims to position Qatar as a leading AI hub in the Middle East, they said, and plans to create an integrated compute centre expanding regional access to high-performance computing capabilities.Qatar Investment Authority (QIA) said on Monday it was setting up its own national AI company, Qai, as it invests to become a global AI hub outside of the US and China.AI is reshaping global tech and attracting massive investments in both software and physical infrastructure, especially in the data centres needed to process the information. A McKinsey report from April estimated that a $5.2tn investment in data centres will be needed by 2030 to meet the worldwide demand for AI.Brookfield will invest in the joint venture with Qai through its recently launched Artificial Intelligence Infrastructure Fund, which aims to invest up to $100bn globally.In a separate interview not related to the announcements, QIA's head of funds Mohsin Pirzada told Reuters: "We've been investing in data centres since before it was in fashion."He said Qatar, as one of the world's biggest natural gas producers, benefited from increased demand for power to feed data centres. The sovereign fund has also invested in fast-growing companies in the sector including AI-driven analytics platform Databricks.QIA's Pirzada, asked whether he had any concerns about rising valuations for companies in the sector, said there may be a "shakeout", but that, in an echo of the 1990s dotcom bubble, it would leave a handful of market leaders and "a massive opportunity" for investors."We continue to invest into the technologies and the rail guards that will support this innovation, the bricks and mortar," Pirzada said. 

Indonesian sovereign wealth fund Danantara’s growing momentum in state-firm restructuring is putting fresh focus on its $1.4bn bet on PT Garuda Indonesia, a key test of its ability to revive other troubled companies.The distressed carrier’s full-year results due to be published in March will offer the first clues on whether the bailout is gaining traction, with investors watching for signs that Garuda has begun to erase years of capital deficit. The financial support is Danantara’s largest deployment to date, adding pressure for the rescue plan to deliver results.“All eyes will be on Garuda’s prospective turnaround,” said Harry Su, managing director of research at Samuel Sekuritas Indonesia. “This will set the base for investors to gauge other potential state-owned enterprises success stories by Indonesia’s sovereign wealth fund going forward.”Danantara is in discussion for $500mn in support for steelmaker PT Krakatau Steel and is poised to restructure $5bn of debt owed by the consortium which operates Whoosh, the country’s first high-speed rail, by the end of the year. Construction firms PT Waskita Karya and PT Wijaya Karya are among companies that also need restructuring.The stakes are high for Danantara to get Garuda back on solid footing amid the fund’s broader ambitions to overhaul roughly 900 state-owned firms under its umbrella. A successful turnaround would bolster the fund’s credibility and signal to investors that it can drive reforms across Indonesia’s state holdings.The rescue package for Garuda is expected to bring its assets back above its liabilities by $183mn by the end of the year, the carrier said in a stock exchange filing. Its deficit would have stood at $65mn in June, after taking the capital injection into account, compared to an actual deficit of $1.5bn, it said.In a sign of improving investor sentiment, the company’s shares have climbed 51% since late June, when Danantara first aided the carrier with a $405mn loan. Its dollar-denominated sukuk maturing in 2031 has gained 42% as well to trade at around 90 cents on a dollar, underscoring firmer recovery expectations.Still, some analysts have raised doubts about the sustainability of Danantara’s support for Garuda, noting limitations on the use of the capital injection and that the carrier is operating with only about half the fleet it had before the pandemic. Rising leasing costs for new planes and the absence of a longer-term plan also pose headwinds.“The $1.4bn won’t be enough to put the airline on stable footing,” said Shukor Yusof, founder of aviation consultancy Endau Analytics Pte. “Garuda needs to get rid of all the excesses, fix the years of mismanagement and someone in the government or Danantara has to drive the changes to turn the airline around.”Garuda’s recovery will be key, not just as a validation of the fund’s model but also due to the carrier’s national importance. The 76-year-old airline is a major employer and a key mode of transport for the country made up of 17,000 islands over an area spanning the distance from New York to London. It is also set to play a role in the trade deal between Indonesia and the US with aircraft purchases.“Danantara seems to be taking things a lot faster with all these mergers and streamlining of the state-owned enterprises,” said Rain Yin, sovereign analyst at S&P Global Ratings. “That is one efficiency that we do seem to be observing in this process and also in supporting the SOEs under it.”The restructuring of Garuda will provide a proof of concept on how Danantara can turn around other state companies and allow them to grow in a sustainable way. The outcome will shape the fund’s plan to consolidate the state sector into roughly 200 competitive, globally focused companies and support President Prabowo Subianto’s target of 8% annual economic growth.“Danantara is a big bet” for Indonesia, said Alessandro Gazzini, managing director at Alvarez & Marsal Inc in Jakarta. “This will be a test case for long term solution of troubled state-owned companies and whether Danantara can find a way to introduce more business and market oriented solutions to solve some of these problems.” 

The Qatar Financial Centre (QFC) hosted this year’s edition of its Family Office Forum, bringing together senior family office representatives, next-generation leaders, wealth advisors, and industry experts to discuss factors shaping family wealth and the strategies required to ensure continuity across generations.The programme, themed “Preserving Legacy, Empowering Future Leadership”, featured a focused agenda combining a global wealth outlook and the key trends influencing family wealth, alongside a series of panel discussions and breakout sessions, all designed to provide practical insights on governance, succession planning, cross-border structuring and preparing next-generation family members for leadership roles.A highlight of the forum was the fireside chat featuring Yousuf Mohamed al-Jaida, chief executive officer of the QFC and Abdulaziz Ali al-Mawlawi, chief executive officer of Visit Qatar.The discussion examined Qatar’s growing appeal to high-net-worth individuals and the role of tourism, culture, and national branding in attracting global wealth.Outlining Visit Qatar’s initiatives to elevate the country’s global profile and reinforce its reputation as a vibrant, secure, and globally connected destination for those seeking a high quality of life and long-term investment opportunities' al-Mawlawi said: "Qatar offers stability, safety and quality of life that global families and high-net-worth individuals increasingly look for when planning across generations."He said the focus at Visit Qatar is to showcase a destination where world-class infrastructure, cultural depth and service excellence come together to create long-term confidence."As visitor numbers rise, more families are discovering Qatar through tourism, business or major events; many are choosing to deepen their ties to the country, whether through investment, residency or multigenerational planning. This international growing interest reflects Qatar's position as a trusted environment and a vibrant, secure and globally connected place to build a lasting future,” according to him.Finding that the landscape of wealth management is changing, shaped by generational transitions, technological progress, and a growing focus on sustainability' al-Jaida said the QFC Family Office Forum offers a platform for examining these developments and their impact on how families plan and preserve their wealth."As Qatar continues to strengthen its standing as a stable and forward-looking financial hub, the QFC remains committed to enabling meaningful dialogue and showcasing the country’s value proposition to high-net-worth individuals and wealth managers seeking a secure and well-regulated environment for wealth preservation and growth,” he said.The QFC offers a range of business structures tailored to the diverse needs of family enterprises, including limited liability companies (LLCs), holding companies, special purpose companies (SPCs), foundations, and trusts, each providing benefits such as limited liability protection, centralised ownership, customised asset management, and strong risk management capabilities. 

Saudi Arabia’s sovereign wealth fund is looking to increase its investments in Japan to about $27bn by the end of 2030 as the kingdom looks to deepen ties in Asia and expand in areas from critical minerals to financial markets.The Public Investment Fund aims to deploy more capital after investing $11.5bn in Japan from 2019-2024, Governor Yasir al-Rumayyan said at the FII Priority Asia Summit in Tokyo Monday. He highlighted spending in public and private markets and predicted recently-launched exchange traded funds between Saudi Arabia and Japan will “go further”.“Asia is big for us. We want to have better ties, better relationships, better procurement process, access to the supply chain,” al-Rumayyan said. “Japan at some stage was one of the largest partners for Saudi Arabia and we want to get that back.”Japan is Saudi Arabia’s third-largest trading partner at present. The sovereign wealth fund expects its investments in the country to contribute as much as $16.6bn to Saudi Arabia’s gross domestic product, al-Rumayyan said. He also hopes to see more return investment to the kingdom in areas including travel and tourism.Those sectors are among six areas of priority for the $1tn PIF under its 2026-2030 investment strategy, which is set to be unveiled early next year. The board has approved that plan and will be hammering out details over the next few days at a summit on the Red Sea in Saudi Arabia, al-Rumayyan said.The comments suggest Japan will remain a priority for PIF global investment as the fund seeks to increase its annual deployment of capital to $70bn after this year. It allocated nearly $57bn across priority sectors in 2024.Saudi Arabia has been leaning more heavily into its relationships with Asian nations in recent years as it seeks to draw more foreign partners to help advance the country’s multi-trillion dollar Vision 2030 economic transformation programme.There’s been a strong emphasis on the financial sector, with multiple ETFs launched in markets including mainland China, Hong Kong and Japan to track Saudi assets over the last two years. Asian banks have emerged as major financiers for Saudi entities. In energy, Saudi Arabia is working with Japan on developing the market for blue ammonia.Additionally, the kingdom is developing Dragon Ball and anime theme parks at its Qiddiya mega entertainment city on the outskirts of Riyadh in partnership with Japan. The FII Tokyo conference held on November 30-December 1 was the second FII event ever held in Asia. 

Saudi Arabia’s sovereign wealth fund is in advanced talks to invest in Leonardo SpA’s aerostructures unit following months of negotiations, according to people familiar with the matter.  Under the deal being discussed, the two parties would create a global unit for aerostructure works, said the people, asking not to be identified discussing a private matter. The talks between the Italian defence contractor and the kingdom’s Public Investment Fund, reported earlier this year by Bloomberg, are largely complete, they said.  A planned meeting between Italian Prime Minister Giorgia Meloni and Saudi Crown Prince Mohammed bin Salman at a Gulf summit in Bahrain could be pivotal in securing final government approvals, the people said.  Representatives for Leonardo and the Italian government, which owns 30% of the company, declined to comment, while officials at the Saudi fund didn’t immediately respond to a request for comment outside of regular business hours in the country. Working with Leonardo would give the Gulf kingdom greater exposure to a key global manufacturing industry as Prince Mohammed seeks to diversify Saudi Arabia’s economy from oil.  For Leonardo, a deal would bring financial support for a division that’s been losing money. It supplies major structural parts for Boeing Co’s 787 Dreamliner, but suffered losses partly tied to a production slowdown in the US.  That has affected activity at Leonardo’s plants, though Boeing is now ramping up output again of the widebody jet. Leonardo’s aerostructures division employs about 4,000 people in four Italian plants. It had 2024 revenue of €746mn ($784mn).  One possible outcome is for the Italian aerospace firm to build a civil aviation manufacturing plant in Saudi Arabia, Bloomberg reported in February. The kingdom is also keen to participate in a next-generation fighter jet, a costly project on which the Italian company is working with partners in the UK and Japan.  Italy and Saudi Arabia have recently deepened economic ties. A meeting between the two leaders in January paved the way for deals valued at about $10bn.  

Saudi Arabia’s sovereign wealth fund exited positions in almost a dozen US-listed stocks in the third quarter, including Pinterest Inc and industrial gas firm Linde Plc, taking the value of its holdings in American equities to the lowest in almost a year.The $1tn Public Investment Fund also sold off all of its stakes in Prologis Inc and Air Products and Chemicals Inc, which is co-developing a green hydrogen plant in Saudi Arabia’s Neom, according to a Bloomberg News analysis of the fund’s latest 13F filing.The PIF pared its holding in Lucid Group Inc, while maintaining positions in Uber Technologies Inc and Electronic Arts Inc. The total value of the wealth fund’s US portfolio stood at $19.4bn, down about 18% from the prior period and the lowest level of 2025.The move follows a series of exits in the prior period, including from Meta Platforms Inc and FedEx Corp, and comes as the PIF sharpens its focus on domestic companies and prioritises local investment to help drive the kingdom’s economic diversification plans.The latest 13F disclosure also comes just days before Crown Prince Mohammed bin Salman is due to visit President Donald Trump at the White House, in what will be the Saudi leader’s first official visit to the US since 2018.Agreements on security, semiconductors and nuclear technology are expected to feature on the agenda. Trump will also be looking for Saudi Arabia to follow through on a pledge to invest hundreds of billions of dollars in the US after his visit to the kingdom in May.Chaired by the crown prince, the PIF is the key entity tasked with helming Saudi Arabia’s economic diversification program known as Vision 2030, which includes dozens of mega-construction projects like Neom and the historical heritage site of Diriyah.That job has become more challenging in recent years as subdued oil prices deepen the government budget deficit, heaping more pressure on the PIF to drive spending in the local economy. Still, the fund plans to continue deploying more capital in the years ahead.The PIF has said it aims to put $70bn to work after 2025, with the lion’s share of that going to Saudi investments. It deployed $57bn across priority sectors in 2024, according to its annual report.More insights on the fund’s 2026-2030 investment strategy is expected to be released early next year, Bloomberg has reported.

The Qatar Investment Authority (QIA), the country's sovereign wealth fund, has invested in d-Matrix, a pioneer in generative AI (artificial intelligence) inference for data centres.Valued at $2bn and bringing the total raised to date to $450mn, d-Matrix will use the new capital to advance their roadmap, accelerate global expansion and support multiple large-scale deployments of the world’s highest performing, most efficient data centre inference platform for hyperscalers, enterprise, and sovereign customers.The oversubscribed round attracted leading investment firms across Europe, North America, Asia, and the Middle East. The funding was co-led by a global consortium including BullhoundCapital, Triatomic Capital, and Temasek, and welcomed new investors including QIA and EDBI, alongside follow-on participation from M12, Microsoft’s Venture Fund, as well as Mirae Asset, Industry Ventures, and Nautilus Venture Partners.d-Matrix's full-stack inference platform combines breakthrough compute-memory integration, high-speed networking, and inference-optimised software to deliver 10× faster performance, 3× lower cost, and 3–5× better energy efficiency than GPU-based systems.This step-change in performance and efficiency directly addresses growing AI sustainability challenges. By enabling one data centre to handle the workload of ten, d-Matrix offers a clear path to reducing global data centre energy consumption while enabling enterprises to deliver cost-efficient, profitable AI services without compromise.“From day one, d-Matrix has been uniquely focused on inference. When we started d-Matrix six years ago, training was seen as AI’s biggest challenge, but we knew that a new set of challenges would be coming soon,” said Sid Sheth, chief executive officer and co-founder of d-Matrix.“We predicted that when trained models needed to run continuously at scale, the infrastructure wouldn't be ready. We've spent the last six years building the solution: a fundamentally new architecture that enables AI to operate everywhere, all the time. This funding validates that vision as the industry enters the Age of AI Inference,” he added.Investor confidence reflects d-Matrix’s differentiated technology, rapid customer growth, and expanding network of global partners — including the recently announced d-Matrix SquadRack open standards-based reference architecture with Arista, Broadcom, and Supermicro.A strong product roadmap featuring 3D memory-stacking innovations and a customer-centric go-to-market strategy further establishes d-Matrix as a cornerstone of the new AI infrastructure stack.

Indonesia’s sovereign wealth fund Danantara is reducing its financial support for flag carrier PT Garuda Indonesia, putting in doubt the distressed airline’s ability to refresh its fleet.Garuda will now receive 23.7tn rupiah ($1.4bn) from PT Danantara Asset Management, an arm of the wealth fund, through a private placement, which comprises a cash injection and a loan conversion, according to an exchange filing. The airline was supposed to obtain $1.8bn under a plan drawn up last month.In addition to covering finance expenses and providing working capital, Danantara Asset would have helped with fleet expansion. However, Danantara Asset notified Garuda that “there is also an adjustment to the planned use of funds, which no longer includes fleet expansion,” the airline said in a separate statement.The carrier has struggled financially since the Covid-19 pandemic and has grounded an increasing number of planes because of difficulties making maintenance payments. The number of idled jets operated by the company and subsidiary low-cost carrier PT Citilink Indonesia rose to 51 as of June, nearly 40% of the group’s total fleet, and up from 33 a year ago.Leasing new planes comes with high price tags amid a dearth of available aircraft and a global surge in travel. The carrier earlier this year paid twice as much to lease a Boeing Co 737 Max jet than it does for older 737 jets.Garuda should focus on getting some of its grounded planes flying again, said Gerry Soejatman, a Jakarta-based independent aviation analyst.“Ordering new planes for early delivery is going to be very expensive, and probably less prudent financially,” he said. “It is better to see the grounded jets being put back into service or returned to lessors before Garuda place big aircraft orders.”

Norway's $2tn wealth fund, the world's largest, has divested from US construction equipment group Caterpillar and from five Israeli banking groups on ethics grounds. The five banks are Hapoalim, Bank Leumi, Mizrahi Tefahot Bank, First International Bank of Israel and FIBI Holdings, the fund said in a statement. The six groups were excluded "due to an unacceptable risk that the companies contribute to serious violations of the rights of individuals in situations of war and conflict," said the fund, which is operated by Norway's central bank. The companies did not immediately reply to requests for comment. The Israeli embassy in Oslo declined to comment. Prior to its divestment, the fund held a 1.17% stake in Caterpillar valued at $2.1bn as of June 30, its records showed. The stakes in the five Israeli banks were valued at a combined $661mn, also as of June 30, according to fund data. The news was announced when the Tel Aviv and New York stock exchanges were closed. Shares in Caterpillar were down 0.4% in pre-market trading at $430.61 per share Tuesday. FIBI Holdings shares were up 4%, putting them on course for their best day since early 2024. Hapoalim's stock was up 3.3% and Bank Leumi, Mizrahi Tefahot Bank, and First International Bank of Israel were between 1.8% and 2.8% better off. The fund's ethics watchdog, called the Council on Ethics, said that "in the council's assessment, there is no doubt that Caterpillar's products are being used to commit extensive and systematic violations of international humanitarian law". Bulldozers manufactured by Caterpillar "were being used by Israeli authorities in the widespread unlawful destruction of Palestinian property," it said. The violations were taking place both in Gaza and the West Bank, the council said, adding that "the company has also not implemented any measures to prevent such use". "As deliveries of the relevant machinery to Israel are now set to resume, the council considers there to be an unacceptable risk that Caterpillar is contributing to serious violations of individuals’ rights in war or conflict situations." The council, a public body set up by the Ministry of Finance, checks that firms in the portfolio of the fund meet ethical guidelines set by Norway's parliament. The fund is invested in some 8,400 companies worldwide. It makes recommendations to the board of the central bank, which has the final say. The board agreed with the council's recommendation. The Norwegian fund said on August 18 that it would divest from six companies as part of an ongoing ethics review over the war in Gaza and developments in the West Bank, but declined at the time to name any groups until the stakes were sold. On the banks, the ethics watchdog initially scrutinised the Israeli banks' practice of underwriting Israeli settlers' housebuilding commitments in the region. On Monday, the council said that all the banks excluded had, "by providing financial services that are a necessary prerequisite for construction activity in Israeli settlements in the West Bank, including East Jerusalem ... contributed to the maintenance of Israeli settlements". Around 700,000 Israeli settlers live among 2.7mn Palestinians in the West Bank and East Jerusalem. Many settlements are adjacent to Palestinian areas and some Israeli firms serve both Israelis and Palestinians. The United Nations' top court last year found that Israeli settlements built on territory seized in 1967 were illegal, a ruling that Israel called "fundamentally wrong", citing historical and biblical ties to the land.