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A new international study shows that cardiovascular inflammation remains highly prevalent among people with cardiovascular diseases and can have serious health implications, despite the current standard of care treatment. The study found that two in five people with atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease and chronic kidney disease have cardiovascular inflammation, causing an increased risk of major cardiovascular issues. This is an important concern because cardiovascular inflammation is an independent risk factor for cardiovascular issues such as heart attack and stroke in people living with cardiovascular diseases. A Poseidon analysis by Novo Nordisk was recently published in the *European Journal of Heart Failure and showed that two in five people with heart failure also have cardiovascular inflammation. Poseidon was a large, multinational, cross-sectional observational real-world evidence study designed to evaluate the prevalence and characteristics of high inflammatory risk in patients with atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease with and without chronic kidney disease and/or heart failure.The Poseidon included 18,904 patients across 18 countries and showed that cardiovascular inflammation remains highly prevalent among people with cardiovascular disease despite the current standard of care treatment. These findings underscore a significant gap in current cardiovascular care. Even when people receive guideline-recommended treatments to control cholesterol, blood pressure and blood sugar, inflammation-driven cardiovascular risk persists. The study represents one of the largest contemporary global assessments of the prevalence of cardiovascular inflammation in this high-risk population. "Poseidon makes clear that inflammation is not a peripheral concern. It is a shared driver of risk affecting millions of patients worldwide with cardiovascular disease who remain vulnerable despite our best current therapies," said Prof Carolyn SP Lam, senior consultant at Singapore National Heart Centre’s Department of Cardiology and professor at the Duke-NUS Medical School’s Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disorders Signature Research Programme. "What is striking is the consistency of inflammatory signals across such diverse patient populations,” she said. “That consistency points to a practical way forward – identifying patients most likely to benefit from therapies that directly target inflammation." Poseidon enrolled 18,904 patients across 18 countries spanning Europe, North America, South America and Asia-Pacific between 2023 and 2025.Within the study, 13,475 patients had atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease, of whom 5,757 (42.7%) had chronic kidney disease, while 11,809 patients had heart failure spanning all types of heart failure. Cardiovascular inflammation plays a central role in the development and progression of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease.Multiple studies have shown that people with cardiovascular inflammation face an increased risk of major adverse cardiovascular events, including heart attack, stroke and cardiovascular death. Inflammation also contributes to chronic kidney disease progression, and chronic kidney disease itself may promote inflammation, creating a cycle that amplifies cardiovascular risk. It plays a key role in heart failure, and it is common across all types of heart failure, particularly in people with obesity, kidney disease and other metabolic conditions. The growing recognition of the role of inflammation in cardiovascular disease is reflected in recent guidelines from the European Society of Cardiology, the American Heart Association, and the American College of Cardiology. Cardiovascular inflammation is increasingly recognised as a key driver of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease and a major contributor to persistent cardiovascular risk in people receiving standard preventative therapies. It also plays a key role in heart failure, and it is common across all types of heart failure, particularly in people with obesity, kidney disease and other metabolic conditions.

Cardiovascular disease remains one of the leading causes of mortality and morbidity globally, despite significant advances in medical and surgical treatment. While modifiable risk factors (smoking, high blood cholesterol, hypertension, physical inactivity, obesity, and diabetes mellitus) can often be controlled through lifestyle changes and medical treatment, mental health also needs to be a key focus in the prevention and management of Coronary Artery Disease (CAD).The heart and brain are in constant exchange; this connection plays a major role in how we experience and respond to stress. The activation of the sympathetic nervous system due to an acute stress reaction has a direct effect on the cardiovascular system, resulting in an increase in heart rate variability, respiratory frequency, blood pressure, and vasoconstriction of the blood vessels. These physiological changes can lead to long-term strain on the heart, contributing to hypertension, arrhythmias, coronary artery disease and other cardiovascular conditions. As we continue to explore holistic and integrative approaches to care, meditation has emerged as a promising, non-invasive tool for enhancing heart health since centuries. Meditation is a mind-body practice, a state of concentration and reflection that improves spiritual and emotional well-being, with the goals of achieving a state of inner peace, physical relaxation, and psychological balance. Neurophysiological and neuroanatomical studies suggest that meditation can have long-standing effects on the brain, which may have beneficial consequences for prevention of cardiovascular risk. Additionally, different forms of meditation (e.g., focused attention, mindfulness, loving-kindness and Transcendental meditation) will have different psychological and neurological effects. Most published studies report some improvements in levels of perceived stress, mood, anxiety, depression and quality of sleep. Therefore, integration of mind-body awareness, lifestyle modification, and contemplative practices like meditation offer a comprehensive approach to cardiac health.The American Heart Association acknowledges that Transcendental Meditation modestly lowers blood pressure and may serve as a helpful adjunct to traditional treatments. There is growing evidence that mindfulness and guided meditation could improve blood pressure regulation and cardiac stress biomarkers, providing a non-pharmacological complement to traditional hypertension and cardiovascular disease treatments. It was reported that not only in hypertensive patients but also in normotensive patients, regular practice of meditation reduces the ambulatory blood pressure levels. Meditation and mindfulness engage the parasympathetic nervous system (PNS), which relaxes and regulates the autonomic system, lowering stress and improving emotional regulation. Meditation, especially mindfulness-based training, has been linked to higher abstinence rates in smoking cessation programs. This may be due to better management of cravings and improved self-regulation—critical for reducing cardiovascular risk.Small studies suggest that meditation improves symptoms in people with irregular heartbeats (arrhythmias) and enhances quality of life. One important indicator of heart health is heart rate variability (HRV), which reflects the dynamic balance between the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems. The sympathetic system is responsible for increasing heart rate, raising blood pressure, and releasing glucose into the bloodstream to support physical activity. In contrast, the parasympathetic system slows the heart rate and promotes nutrient storage, generally reducing physiological activity.One study found that heart rate fluctuations decreased during meditation, and the heart rhythm became regular. Conversely, before meditation, heart rate variability and fluctuations were higher. Heart Rhythm Meditation (HRM) is a unique form of meditation that engages in deep, slow, full breaths and focuses attention on the heart. This form of breathing stimulates the vagus nerve with greater intensity than a normal spontaneous breath, which then reduces the heart rate.Chronic stress releases glucocorticoids, which promote inflammation and atherosclerosis increasing the risk of CAD. Mindfulness practices have been associated with: Reduced cortisol levels, Decreased pro-inflammatory cytokines, Improved insulin resistance and lipid profiles. While percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) is employed to relieve symptoms and improve outcomes in CAD patients, psychological factors—particularly patient anxiety have been shown to exacerbate CAD symptoms and potentially diminish the clinical effectiveness of PCI. Randomized controlled trials determined that the addition of psychosocial interventions, including meditation, breathing exercises, and physical relaxation techniques, into standard cardiac rehabilitation regimens improves outcomes among patients with CAD. Studies have shown that mindfulness effectively alleviates anxiety and improve sleep quality pre-PCI, which in turn results in higher PCI success rates, lowered hospitalization times, and reduced postprocedural complications. However, while early data is promising, more research is needed to establish meditation’s role in secondary prevention.In clinical practice, meditation should not replace guideline-directed medical therapy but can be considered a reasonable and empowering adjunct to cardiovascular risk reduction strategies. Encouraging patients to participate in their own wellness—physically, emotionally, and mentally—may improve adherence, outcomes, and overall quality of life.This World Heart Day: “Don’t Miss a Beat”. As we celebrate World Heart Day, let’s remember that every heartbeat counts. Empower yourself and others by embracing holistic approaches to support heart health and live a more balanced healthy life.