The growing dominance of a handful of banks supplying billions of dollars to help juice bets at hedge funds and proprietary trading firms is sparking new financial stability risks, ratings agency S&P Global Inc warned.Its latest analysis shows disclosed revenues relating to “markets financing” at four major investment banks — BNP Paribas SA, Barclays Plc, Goldman Sachs Group Inc and Morgan Stanley — jumped 25% between 2024 and 2025 to more than $24bn, representing roughly 30% of these firms’ markets business at that time. Such scale and concentration creates a risk to financial stability, the S&P report warned.Banks’ prime-brokerage units — which includes a range of services to hedge funds and other investment firms — exceeded $2.5tn of lending in 2024, a figure that has doubled over the past four years, the report said. Hedge funds’ use of borrowed money to fuel their bets — known as leverage — has approached historic highs while assets overseen by those firms hit a record $5tn last year.Regulatory concerns around non-bank investment firms have heightened since the collapse of Archegos Capital Management LP saddled lenders with $10bn of losses in 2021 and and hastened the demise of Credit Suisse Group. They have also scrutinised whether these funds have become too big to fail given their increasing presence in vital markets such as those for US and UK government bonds.“A small network of global banks has underpinned nonbank trading firms’ ascent to the center of the financial ecosystem,” the report said. “Together with record leverage and scale and the concentration of such exposures in a handful of banks, this means the ecosystem exhibits an inherent fragility that could be tested under severe stress,” it added, citing a potential impact on bank ratings.Data is also limited in this area, given many firms do not disclose such information, S&P said, adding the true scale is difficult to quantify.That said, risk of failures including large events such as the collapse of Archegos are rare, the report’s authors noted, saying banks are generally sound in managing risks related to funding, liquidity, capital and earnings.Watchdogs including the Financial Stability Board and Bank of England have been trying to dig deeper into the links between banks and non-bank lenders, while also warning about the potentially destabilising role of leveraged hedge fund bets in key markets including sovereign bonds.The S&P report pointed to a boom in leverage tied to the growth in the basis trade in recent years. These are bets by a few of the world’s biggest hedge funds seeking to profit from tiny price gaps between government bonds and derivatives known as futures, with the lion’s share focused on the deepest and the most liquid US Treasuries market.Risks can increase if banks offer reduced haircuts and margin requirements to compete in the already concentrated markets financing business, the report said.Proprietary trading firms such as Jane Street and XTX, which have already grown to dominate some areas of the market, are expected to expand further and tie up more of banks’ balance sheets in the future, the report said, creating greater concentration risk.“The risks from this ecosystem do permeate across our ratings,” said Will Edwards, director, financial institutions at S&P Global and lead author of the report. “We are mindful of those risks going forwards while acknowledging that there’s also a competitive position type of opportunity here that is also supportive of globally or internationally diverse banks.”