Britain’s ruling Conservative Party is imploding this week as a result of a no-holds-barred battle over Brexit that has seen the expulsion of 21 moderate MPs, including Winston Churchill’s grandson.
In a culmination of decades of infighting over Europe, Prime Minister Boris Johnson on Tuesday axed the lawmakers, some of them former ministers, after they voted against the government’s hardline Brexit strategy.
Among those targeted were Philip Hammond, finance minister for three years until July, and Ken Clarke, parliament’s longest-serving MP dubbed “the Father of the House”. Nicholas Soames, the grandson of wartime prime minister Churchill - widely considered the greatest Conservative leader - was also told he must now sit as an independent.
The cull, which could bar them from standing as Conservatives at the next election, came hours after Phillip Lee resigned to join the Liberal Democrats - the fifth ruling party MP to quit this year.
“Sadly, the Brexit process has helped to transform this once great party into something more akin to a narrow faction,” he wrote in his resignation letter. He said the party was no longer the “broad political church” he joined as a young man.
The Conservatives, one of the world’s oldest and most successful political parties which has ruled Britain for much of the last century, have long been dominated by divisions over the country’s relationship with Europe.
The issue contributed to Margaret Thatcher’s 1990 resignation after 11 years in power, while directly causing ex-premiers David Cameron and Theresa May to step down in the past four years.
But the current fractures - and the response to them - are different. It’s unprecedented historically, both in terms of the scale and the threat of deselection coming directly from the leadership.
The sacking of such prominent Conservatives by Johnson, who had himself voted against the previous government twice earlier this year, has shocked even those working in Downing Street.
It was not supposed to be this way.
Cameron called the 2016 referendum in a bid to unify his party behind continued EU membership, with Nigel Farage, then leader of the United Kingdom Independence Party (UKIP), ascendant in the polls.
But when Cameron lost the vote - with 52% of Britons favouring Leave - and he was forced to resign, Brexit became the defining issue driving an ever bigger wedge through the party.
May tried to promote consensus between the two rival camps, balancing her cabinet between Leavers like Johnson and previous Remainers such as Hammond.
However, her strategy failed as a string of Brexit hardliners resigned from the cabinet while moderates also left the government in disagreement.
In February, three Conservative MPs quit the party to join a breakaway group of pro-EU lawmakers from the Labour party, while another left to sit as an independent in April.
But with Brexit stalled amid opposition to the divorce deal that May struck with Brussels, voters deserted the Conservatives for Farage’s new Brexit Party in European Parliament elections this year.
The party came a humiliating fifth in the vote, setting the stage for hardliners who seized the initiative.
Boris Johnson became leader vowing to leave the bloc “do or die” on the delayed deadline of October 31, installing key figures in the victorious 2016 Vote Leave team in government.
This has left the moderates opposed to a no-deal Brexit in what Hammond called on Tuesday “the fight of a lifetime”.
Some political analysts believe predictions of the party’s demise are premature - but the Brexit-fuelled divisions will be tough to repair.
Whichever option they choose, a large part of the party will be against it, whether it’s a deal, no deal or no Brexit.