For many observers of the United Nations, the opening week of the 81st session of the General Assembly in New York provided more evidence, if any more was needed, that the world’s premier international organization is in trouble. The UN might view opening-week activities as an opportunity to showcase the multilateral system in action.
But those watching across the globe were not treated to a masterclass in how international organisations foster cooperation, confidence-building and trust among member states. Instead, amid the high-level meetings, lunches and dinners, we were treated to a week of diplomatic theatre, grandstanding, combative and threatening speeches, heckling and walk-outs by delegates.
Such spectacles only serve to further erode public trust in the UN that has been declining across the world in recent years. It didn’t help that US President Donald Trump’s much publicised speech attacked the UN and condemned various UN agencies for promoting illegal immigration, and for waging war on family values and western civilisation. Nor did it go unnoticed that the leaders of the world’s two most populous countries, President Xi Jinping of China and Prime Minister Narendra Modi of India, chose not to attend.
UN Secretary-General António Guterres is right to warn about the threats that the UN faces in a world where inequality, insecurity and inaction are on the rise and where states increasingly opt for conflict over cooperation. In today’s world, the UN is rarely able to constrain the unilateral hard power actions of larger members like the US, China or Russia.
It even finds it difficult to moderate the actions of smaller members intent on pursuing their national interests and ideological preferences at the expense of international law and the UN Charter. For example, according to a recent report published by the Peace Research Institute Oslo (PRIO), 2025 saw the highest number of interstate military conflicts since 1946. The same report also pointed out that every year since 2013 has been more violent than almost every year before it since the end of the Cold War in 1991.
But for all its struggles to regulate state interactions, the UN still has an important role to play. It may not have enforcement capabilities, but the UN remains the key promoter of peace and security in a dangerous world where war and insecurity are on the rise.
Most member states also remain very active in using the UN to promote global norms including the fight against poverty, and wider access to health and education. Qatar’s Amir, His Highness Sheikh Tamim bin Hamad al-Thani, summed up this position in a speech at the UN General Assembly in 2019, when he called for a “commitment to multilateral international action, partnership and cooperation for the interest of our peoples and the good of humanity.”
Inside today’s UN, most members who share this approach, look for opportunities to influence global debates over the world’s most pressing issues from climate change and sustainability to conflict prevention and resolution. They advocate for multilateral diplomacy and global governance and champion the UN Charter and the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development. They do so by lobbying other members, setting agendas and participating on and chairing committees.
The UN also offers groups of smaller and weaker members opportunities to work together to multiply their power on the global stage. One example of this collective power in action has been the way small developing island states have coordinated their positions at the UN around the issue of climate change, a crisis that threatens their survival.
One should also place the UN’s current failings in their proper context. Since its establishment in the mid-1940s, the UN has often been ineffective in achieving its goals or upholding its mandate. It has always been dependent on superpowers to some degree and there is nothing new about the UN favouring powerful states at the expense of weaker ones.
In the late 1960s and 1970s, an era of decolonisation, attempts by newly independent members to pool their voting rights at the UN on key economic and political issues was blocked by global superpowers who wanted to uphold the Cold War balance of power between East and West. During the 1990s, in the years immediately following the end of the Cold War, small and medium sized states once more used collective power to try to bring about systematic change at the UN.
The goal was the reorganisation and reform of the UN Security Council, and a rebalancing of the relationship between the General Assembly and the Security Council. These efforts also failed, but this did not reduce the commitment to the UN of most of its smaller and weaker members. Now as then, for all its failings, the UN remains hugely important for all those states across the international community who prioritize economic, cultural and environmental cooperation over military action.
These countries, a majority of UN members, continue to see the opportunities and benefits that the UN offers them to maximize gains through cooperation. The UN still provides these members with more leverage and legitimacy than they can find elsewhere. It also remains their best option for restraining the hegemony of bigger powers.
For these member states, who believe that unilateral action does not work in a globalised and interconnected world, the UN is more important than ever as a safe space in which they can cooperate in navigating the insecurity, instability and disorder of the contemporary era.
(The writer is professor of International Politics and director of the Small States and Energy Studies Programs at Georgetown University in Qatar @RoryDavidMiller)