How the Iran war is shaking up food supply chains
The conflict in the Middle East is sending shockwaves through the global food industry — from growers to packaging firms and distributors — with major implications for food security and living standards.The war has cut off important sources of energy and fertilizers that are key inputs in the production of grains, vegetables and meat. Farmers whose crop yields were already squeezed by bouts of extreme weather now face paying more for those crucial inputs and are likely to pass on the cost to consumers through higher prices.Their other option is to cut back on fertilizer and other inputs, lowering yields and raising the risk of food shortages, especially in poorer countries that rely heavily on imports. The United Nations’ World Food Programme has warned that a prolonged conflict could lead to record levels of global hunger. How is the war affecting fertilizer production? The Gulf region has become a significant producer of nitrogen fertilizers in recent decades, and the Strait of Hormuz was handling about a third of the global trade before the war broke out. The Gulf is also a major supplier of sulfur, which is needed for production of other types of fertilizers. The conflict has severely disrupted exports from the region, sending prices soaring and farmers scrambling to secure enough of the products while they can.The war has also disrupted production of nitrogen fertilizers in other parts of the world as the conflict hits supplies of their key ingredient, natural gas. Nitrogen fertilizers underpin roughly half of global food production by supplying plants with nutrients that support their growth. Fertilizer manufacturers in countries such as India and Bangladesh temporarily reduced output. Soaring gas prices have put European production under strain.There are signs that farmers have cut back on fertilizer purchases as a result. If the disruption persists, they are likely to lower their use of the products in the fall, leading to lower crop yields next year.“This is not only a price shock. It could also become a production shock with a lag built in,” said Wesley Davis, an economist at Meridian Agribusiness Advisors. How else is the Iran war disrupting the food industry? There is no modern food production without energy. Diesel-powered tractors till the soil and a lot of fresh produce is grown in gas-heated glasshouses. Oil-based fuels power the ships, planes and trucks that transport food over long distances in today’s globalized economy.The war is straining supplies of the fuels needed to operate the machinery that sows and harvests crops, sprays chemicals and waters plants.Some farmers in Asia have been forced to skip or delay rice sowing given the spike in fuel and fertilizer costs, and lower crop projections are expected in countries such as France and Australia.Disruption of both the Strait of Hormuz and the Red Sea shipping route has raised freight costs and lengthened transit times for grains, oilseeds and fertilizers. Even short journeys face an impact as higher fuel prices make land transportation costlier.Then there’s packaging. The Middle East region supplies about one-third of globally traded naphtha, used to produce plastic wrappings, according to Rabobank. Paper and cardboard production is also energy intensive. In Malaysia, a shortage of plastic resin used to make 2-liter milk bottles has left some grocery shelves bare. In Japan, a shortage of ink has led Japan’s biggest potato-chip maker to switch its packets to black and white. The country may be heading for a banana shortage, too, because supplies of ethylene used to ripen the fruit are running low.Higher oil prices are already boosting demand for biodiesel and renewable diesel, leaving less of the commodities used to produce those alternative fuels — such as soybeans or canola — available for the food industry. One visible impact: Vegetable oil prices have soared to their highest level since the immediate aftermath of Russia’s full-scale invasion of Ukraine in 2022. What will it all mean for food prices in stores? Before the Iran war broke out, food inflation around the world was generally expected to ease this year. Food commodity costs are still well below their peak of March 2022, but the impact of the war has started to feed through into official price gauges. Global food commodity costs climbed to a three-year high in April, the United Nations’ Food and Agriculture Organization said. It warned that the closure of the Strait of Hormuz could trigger a major global food price crisis within the next six to 12 months.In the US, official data were already showing a jump in input costs for food and beverage companies. In April, grocery prices rose by the most in almost four years. Economists say the impact of the war will only add to price pressures into 2027. In Europe, wallets are to be hit by Christmas, Rabobank said, and in the UK, more than four-fifths of food and drinks producers plan to raise prices, according to a survey from the Food and Drink Federation. What are the likely economic repercussions? Higher food prices are complicating efforts by central banks to get a post-pandemic wave of inflation back under control. The situation also presents a challenge for governments, especially in emerging-market economies where food makes up a greater proportion of household incomes than it does in more industrialized nations. Capital Economics said it expected higher fertilizer prices to hit lower-income nations hardest. The food security situation may get particularly precarious as a likely — and potentially strong — El Niño weather pattern stands to hurt crops in parts of the world.Governments, including those in China and Russia, have intervened in markets to secure enough fertilizers for local farmers. The Trump administration has moved to locate backup sources of fertilizers for American farmers, while cutting tariffs on agricultural equipment to help lower their costs. Morocco is building grain reserves sufficient for six months. The European Union in May suspended import tariffs on some fertilizers, and is considering stockpiling as part of its broader plan for shielding farmers. Who is most at risk? Import-dependent countries in Asia, Africa, and Latin America are particularly exposed to fertilizer shortages and rising input costs, the FAO said in March. While farmers in rich and middle-income nations can count on support from their governments, concerns are mounting over some of the poorest economies.Many developing nations are struggling to service their debts and have only a limited capacity to absorb new price shocks, UN Trade and Development has warned. Higher fertilizer prices are likely to hit resource-poor farmers the hardest, risking smaller harvests and increased food price inflation down the line.As many as 45mn more people could face acute hunger if the conflict in Iran doesn’t ease by the middle of the year, taking the total number to a record high, the WFP warned. Food aid is getting stranded, and further increases in food insecurity could spell catastrophe for some of the world’s most vulnerable countries that are already at risk of famine, it said.