Diego Porqueras peers through one of the pieces he made with a Bukobot 3-D printer in his newly opened Deezmaker store in a strip mall in Pasadena, California.


By Shan Li

Diego Porqueras’ Deezmaker store in Pasadena, California, is a geeky version of Santa’s workshop, brimming with action figures, chess pieces and jewellery.
But instead of relying on elves, Porqueras has built his own one-man factory using 3-D printers capable of churning out plastic objects within a few hours. He sells the printers, which go for as little as $650, at the shop, which opened in September in a strip mall.
The 37-year-old entrepreneur is part of an emerging industry for affordable 3-D printers. The technology has long been used in the aerospace and automotive industries, among others, to create prototypes, but has slowly crept into the consumer market with simplified printers that can be had for a few hundred or thousand dollars.
“You can make so many things with them,” Porqueras said. “People who have businesses buy them for making prototypes. Parents buy them to make toys for their kids. Hobbyists buy them because they like to tinker.”
3-D enthusiasts imagine a day when these printers are as ubiquitous as phones and people print out many household goods instead of stopping at a store. Small-business owners are already switching to these printers from more expensive industrial machines. Prices are expected to drop even further after key patents on 3-D printing technology expire next year.
Usually about the size of a microwave, these machines “print” three-dimensional objects by melting plastic and depositing the material layer by tiny layer based on a three-dimensional computer-generated design of a necklace, say, or a fork. More advanced — and expensive — printers can use materials such as metal and chocolate.
For those who are less tech-savvy, there are new smartphone applications that streamline the process of crafting or altering a design. Online markets have also popped up in which shoppers can customise and order 3-D-printed clothing, toys, gadget accessories and other products.
Industry experts say 3-D printing could revolutionise traditional manufacturing, much as the Internet upended the music industry, and fundamentally alter how consumers shop and how much they pay. Some tech companies are already foreseeing a day when every home contains a 3-D printer churning out custom furniture and clothes, or a Kinko’s-esque store in every neighbourhood where items can be manufactured on demand via printers.
It’s also raised concerns among law enforcement professionals, who worry that criminals will be able to print untraceable guns and other weapons at home.
“The billion-dollar question is, how big will this become and when?” said Terry Wohlers, president of consulting firm Wohlers Associates, which tracks the industry. “You see companies already making fashion garments and jewellery through printing. And we have seen demonstrations of 3-D printing food and living tissue.”
Wohlers said that by 2021, the US market is estimated to hit $10.8bn, up from $2.2bn last year and $$1.18bn in 2008. The industry has been growing, on average, more than 25% a year for the past decade. The consumer side, which is in its nascent stages, is especially ripe for growth, Wohlers said.
Tech companies are already salivating at the opportunities.
In June, 3-D veteran Stratasys Ltd, which for decades has made ultra-pricey printers for companies such as Boeing Co and General Motors Co, announced plans to buy MakerBot, which specialises in affordable desktop printers. Rival 3D Systems Inc launched two consumer-oriented models this year, the Cube ($1,299) and the CubeX ($2,499 and up).
3D Systems’ chief technology officer, Chuck Hull, is widely credited with pioneering 3-D printing about three decades ago. He leads a research lab in Valencia, California, where scientists such as engineer Scott Turner experiment with new materials in the chemistry lab and tinker on machine prototypes.
Turner said that health care is one of the biggest areas for 3-D printing; already, companies are testing living cells with a view toward making organs and other human parts such as ears. In March, a man in the US had 75% of his skull replaced with a 3-D printed implant.
Another early adopter is the education sector: With a 3-D printer, students can make and play with models of cells rather than just study them in textbooks, or make custom robots in physics class.
The Art Center College of Design in Pasadena already owns seven 3-D printers and plans to order more. The machines give students the luxury of repeatedly tweaking their designs for products as varied as car fenders and kitchenware, said David Cawley, director of the school’s rapid prototyping and model shop.
“If you are making a design and you have to create it by carving it out of wood, the amount of time to create a model would be prohibitive,” Cawley said. “But 3-D printing allows them to refine the design because it’s pretty fast. You send the file the night before, and the day after that a physical object will be on the shelf.”
Small-business owners have already taken to the printers.
John Hariot of Los Angeles, for one, is using a printer bought from Deezmaker to create prototypes, such as knobs for drawers, for his new cabinet-making company. He said the 3-D printer is a much cheaper option compared with the pricey rapid-prototyping machines he once had to use.
“It’s much easier to work with, and there’s less waste,” he said.
For consumers who aren’t tinkerers or designers, industry experts say, a potentially bigger market could lie in on-demand services. Think of it as Amazon.com for custom orders, only with no warehouses required because a purse or belt is only made after it’s ordered.
Shoppers can already go on sites such as Shapeways or Cubify, run by 3D Systems, and either find a designer for a custom design or tweak an available product.
More than 10,000 shops have been set up by designers on Shapeways, which manufactures and ships a product after an order comes in, said company spokeswoman Elisa Richardson. Bestselling items include iPhone accessories, jewellery, home decor and wedding cake toppers — grooms and brides-to-be send in photos of themselves and receive toppers with their faces printed on them.
Kimberly Orvitz, a fashion designer who recently launched a 3-D printed jewellery line, said the technology saves money: There’s no requirement to order products in bulk from a factory and no storage costs. Shoppers can also “customise by selecting colours and materials,” she said.
But the technology has not been without controversy. Cody Wilson, the owner of a gun-manufacturing firm in Texas, made headlines after he successfully fired a 3-D-printed gun of his own design earlier this year (he also uses the technology to make firearm magazines and lower receivers).
For now, such guns may pose more of a danger to the maker. Australian police who tried making Wilson’s design reported the plastic gun exploded after firing. Still, a recently leaked Department of Homeland Security bulletin said such firearms pose public safety risks. Industry experts say there is more danger in consumers making ordinary products that are defective.
“The gun thing has been way overhyped because if you really want to make a gun, there are better and cheaper ways to do it,” Wohlers said. “But just think about people printing a brake part for their car, and it breaks going down the highway and people are injured or worse.”
For now, the relatively untapped market has allowed not just big corporations but also entrepreneurs to jump in.
Porqueras, the owner of the Pasadena store, was a Hollywood camera technician before becoming fascinated with 3-D printing.
Always a tinkerer, he created his own ideal 3-D printer, started a campaign on the fundraising site Kickstarter, and raised $167,000 — enough to quit his job and start selling his machine full time.
He recently launched another campaign to raise funds for the Bukito, his portable 3-D printer priced at $650. “It just blew my mind what these printers can do,” Porqueras said. “Who knows what the future will hold?” — Los Angeles Times/MCT