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Vladimir Putin has been on his best behaviour ahead of the Sochi Olympic Games which opened yesterday. He has granted amnesty to prisoners and political opponents, lifted a blanket prohibition on demonstrations at Sochi and acted the welcoming host. The Olympics are a showcase for Russia and for him personally. He wants nothing to spoil the Games. |
The Sochi Olympics will come and go, and the less kind, less gentle Putin will be back. He is likely to turn attention to Russia’s neighbours that drew closer to the European Union last year - to punish them and to try to drag them back into Moscow’s fold. Moldova and Georgia are prime targets, having initialled agreements with the EU in November.
If a settlement of Ukraine’s current crisis eventually puts it back on track to sign its association agreement with the EU, that country also will find itself in Putin’s cross hairs. Washington and the European Union must consult and agree on a joint strategy in anticipation of such a development.
Putin does not want to re-create the Soviet Union. He wants deference from neighbouring states. He knows that EU association agreements would pull states from Moscow’s economic and geopolitical orbit. Keeping them in requires leverage.
In past disputes with neighbours, Russia has used natural gas price increases and cutoffs, embargoed key imports and stoked inter-ethnic tension as a means of pressure or simply as payback.
Each of the potential target countries has significant vulnerabilities.
Moldova remains dependent on Russia for natural gas. Many Moldovans work in Russia, remitting their pay back home.
Moscow could move to recognise Transnistria, Moldova’s breakaway eastern region, or exploit the coming Moldovan parliamentary elections to support candidates opposed to deepening links with Europe.
Georgia has already borne the brunt of Russian displeasure, including trade embargoes, visa suspensions and military conflict in 2008. Moscow recognised Georgia’s breakaway regions of Abkhazia and South Ossetia and constructed border installations. With Russian forces in both, Moscow could provoke border incidents to weaken the government in Tbilisi, the Georgian capital.
Ukraine presents a special case. Late last year, President Viktor Yanukovych put his European ambitions on ice in return for a $15bn economic bailout and a lower gas price from Russia.
Putin is no fool. Yanukovych has been rented, not bought. Moscow is doling out its credits in pieces and reviewing the gas price on a quarterly basis. Putin understands that significant forces within Ukraine want to sign the already initialled EU association agreement. If a genuine dialogue gets underway in Kiev to end the crisis, a negotiated settlement could put the country back on its European course.
If that happens, Moscow would play hardball. With Yanukovych’s government looking shaky after months of protests and the January 28 resignation of the prime minister and Cabinet, Moscow put its bailout on hold last week, with Putin saying the Russians would wait to see who would make up the new Cabinet.
The Russians could boycott Ukrainian imports and turn off the flow of gas (as they did in 2006 and 2009) if Ukraine again moves to sign the association agreement. More ominously, the Kremlin could seek to weaken the Ukrainian state’s coherence, for example, by stirring tension in Crimea, which has a large concentration of ethnic Russians and hosts a sizable part of the Russian Black Sea fleet.
Many of these actions would violate Russia’s commitments as a member of the Organisation for Security and Co-operation in Europe and the World Trade Organisation.
Any of these actions pose a challenge to the foreign policies of the EU and the Obama administration. Both have taken the position that Moldova, Georgia and Ukraine have the freedom to choose their own foreign policy course as sovereign states.
The US government must co-ordinate with the EU on several measures to prepare for a “rogue” Russian course in the neighbourhood:
lSend joint messages to Moscow stressing Western support for the right of Russia’s neighbours to make their own choices.
lCommit to high-level political visits to bolster the target countries. Secretary of State John F Kerry’s December visit to Moldova sent a useful political signal.
lTarget US assistance to support the EU association agreements and their implementation and to help Moldova and Ukraine strengthen their energy security.
lEncourage the International Monetary Fund to consider more generous programmes for Moldova, Georgia and Ukraine if Russia applies serious economic pressure (providing they also undertake real economic reforms).
This is first and foremost the EU’s issue. Washington must stay in sync with the European Union. Helping the Europeans stay on point avoids introducing a competitive US-Russia dynamic that would undermine the effort.
Moreover, in some areas, the EU may have more leverage. For example, threats of asset freezes or visa restrictions from Washington would cause concern in Moscow, but the real pain would come if the EU adopted such stiff penalties. Washington and Brussels should move in lock-step to maximise the effect of their messages and actions.
♦ Fiona Hill and Steven Pifer are senior fellows at the Brookings Institution in Washington. Hill is a former National Intelligence Council officer for Russia and Eurasia, and Pifer is a former US ambassador to Ukraine. This op-ed draws from their essay in Brookings’ Big Bets & Black Swans: A Presidential Briefing Book.
