New study finds HSV-1 vaccine could avert millions of infections
Researchers at Weill Cornell Medicine-Qatar (WCM-Q) and Qatar University (QU) have projected that a future herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) vaccine could substantially reduce oral and genital HSV-1 infections and avert tens of millions of infections over coming decades.The study, titled “Projected Public Health Benefits of a Hypothetical HSV-1 Vaccine in the United States: A Mathematical Modelling Analysis,” was published in the journal Science Advances and provides the first quantitative assessment of the population-level impact of an HSV-1 vaccine in any population. HSV-1 is one of the world’s most common viral infections. Traditionally associated with oral herpes, the virus is increasingly becoming a major cause of genital herpes in high-income countries, including the US. Using a sophisticated age-structured mathematical model calibrated to four decades of nationally representative US data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys, the researchers evaluated multiple vaccination strategies beginning in 2030, including infant vaccination, adolescent catch-up vaccination, and booster programmes, under a range of plausible vaccine characteristics reflecting the current progress and momentum in HSV vaccine development. The findings indicate that even a moderately effective vaccine could deliver major public health benefits in the US. Under one modelled scenario assuming 70% vaccine efficacy and lifelong protection, infant vaccination alone reduced oral HSV-1 incidence by nearly 50% and genital HSV-1 incidence by nearly 60% by 2075, while averting approximately 28.5mn infections cumulatively. Adding adolescent catch-up vaccination further amplified the projected impact, averting approximately 41.8mn infections by 2075. A key finding of the study was that the duration of vaccine-induced protection strongly shaped the long-term public health impact. Vaccines providing lifelong protection produced approximately three times greater impact than vaccines with protection lasting an average of 15 years. The study also showed that adolescent catch-up vaccination could accelerate population-level benefits, especially for preventing genital HSV-1 herpes among adolescents and young adults. Dr Bechir Naffeti, first author of the study and postdoctoral researcher in the Mathematics Programme, Department of Mathematics and Statistics, College of Arts and Sciences at QU, said: “This study shows that HSV-1 vaccination could become a powerful prevention tool, not only by reducing oral infection but also by curbing the growing burden of genital HSV-1 herpes among adolescents and young adults. The projected benefits underscore the importance of advancing vaccine candidates that can provide durable protection.” Dr Houssein Ayoub, co-lead author of the study and associate professor in the Department of Mathematics and Statistics, College of Arts and Sciences at QU, said: “This study highlights the value of sophisticated quantitative assessments of vaccination impact in guiding vaccine development and public health planning. Our results indicate that durable protection, adolescent catch-up vaccination, and timely implementation are critical to maximising the benefits of a future HSV-1 vaccine.” Dr Laith Abu-Raddad, co-lead author of the study and professor of population health sciences at WCM-Q, said: “HSV infections remain a major public health challenge, yet prevention options are still very limited. This study presents a compelling case for accelerating HSV vaccine development to reduce the burden of multiple diseases caused by HSV infection.”