Business
Oil is experiencing demand destruction
The hit to oil supplies is set to last months, even if the conflict in the Strait of Hormuz is resolved soon. Are higher prices causing demand destruction, and a permanent change in markets?
Demand destruction is a long-established and well-studied phenomenon in economics. It occurs when a prolonged curtailment of supply, or a disruptive technology, causes a sustained reduction in demand, a significant proportion of which is non-reversible. It represents a fundamental change in the market. Are we seeing this in oil and gas, as a consequence of the US-Israel-Iran conflict and the blockade of the Strait of Hormuz?
While the oil price rise has been moderate to date, it is possible that prices will rise further rather than fall. Advanced economies have released significant amounts of oil reserves to mitigate the impact of the supply disruptions, and by definition this cannot be sustained indefinitely. Commercial stocks have also been used, but likewise are finite in supply. Finally, there was already a considerable quantity of oil and gas in transit when the conflict began, but less with each week of the blockade.
An oil price of $100 per barrel or above, compared with around $65 in 2025, is set to be a feature of the global economy for some time to come. Such a scenario could cause long-term demand destruction for petroleum-related products, and there are indicators showing that this is already occurring. According to a survey by The Economist magazine, demand for oil in April was running at around 4mn barrels per day below forecasts.
In volume terms, this is the biggest energy supply shock of modern history. It is not, at least not yet, the biggest economic shock. This is partly because the oil intensity of the global economy has diminished since the two oil price crises of 1973 and 1979. In the late 20th century, economic growth indicators moved in approximately inverse correlation with the oil price, and the relationship now is weaker. In 1973 around 131 litres of oil were consumed for every $1,000 of GDP growth. By 2025 it was 52 litres.
Europe, for example, has become less reliant on oil and gas for electricity generation. Investment in nuclear energy, solar, wind and hydro power, and in the capacity of power grids, has resulted in much less disruption and inflation than in 2022 following the Russian invasion of Ukraine, which curbed oil and gas supplies. In France, a one-year forward power contract is around €50 per Megawatt hour compared with a peak of over €1,000 in August 2022.
The development of renewable energy is a feature of demand destruction of oil and gas. It is a complex picture, however. Oil as a commodity has many more uses than refining to make petrol, diesel and aviation fuel. One refined product is naphtha, the supply of which has been affected by the conflict in the Gulf. Naphtha is the core ingredient for plastics. Electric vehicles have several components that are derived from petroleum, including plastic parts of the structure, hydraulic fluids, and parts for lithium-ion batteries. Similarly, plastics are used in solar panels and wind turbines.
Other commodities affected by the closure of the Strait of Hormuz include helium, used in the manufacture of chips for AI, and for electric vehicles. Supply of fertilisers for farms has also been badly affected by the blockade; also aluminium, which has numerous industrial applications.
Some commodities do not have an alternative, but changes in some sectors, in addition to oil and gas, may be ‘sticky’. With tourism, there is an immediate crisis in the Gulf when the outbreak of conflict and the closure of air space resulted in a crash in the number of vacations taken. Moreover, shortages in aviation fuel have resulted in sharp increases in air prices. Recovery in tourism will likely take time.
Commuting is another example. Many nations have rationed energy, or imposed work-from-home orders in the public sector to reduce petrol consumption, while prices at the pumps have risen. Given that the supply constraints of oil and related products are becoming prolonged, such measures are set to persist.
In the Covid-19 pandemic of 2020-22, millions of workers worked from home; and while commuting did return at scale after the pandemic, this was not to the same level. A survey of 10 cities by the Financial Times in 2024 found that commuting levels were typically between 10% and 30% lower than before Covid. Advances in video meeting technology help support working from home.
Demand destruction is therefore a major economic phenomenon this year – globally, but with a particularly heavy impact in the Middle East. Businesses need to adjust; this includes firms in transport, tourism, food supply and the restaurant sector as well as the more obvious areas such as commodities. Demand is set to be lower, and some operating costs unavoidably higher. Businesses need to trim overheads, improve efficiency and adjust to new market conditions.
The conflict appears to have reached a stalemate with negligible freight passing through the Strait of Hormuz. Given that oil reserves have been run down, the full impact of the supply constraint is yet to come. A return to normal will not arrive swiftly, and may not arrive at all.
The author is a Qatari banker, with many years of experience in the banking sector in senior positions.