Business
The world economy enters a slow crisis
Hostilities in the Gulf have exposed a vulnerable trading chokepoint and will have long-lasting impact on the global economy
There is a well-used metaphor of a frog in boiling water: If a frog touches boiling water, it will jump out immediately – but if it is in cool water that is heated with a steady flame, it may not notice the danger until it is too late.
This comes to mind as describing the likely medium- and long-term effects of the war in the Gulf and the near-closure of the Strait of Hormuz, a strategically important trading route.
While the ceasefire in the Gulf conflict appears to be holding, just seven weeks of war have had a major impact on the global economy. Oil has risen from around $70 per barrel before the conflict started on February 28 to over $100 before fluctuating around this figure.
A reopening of the Strait of Hormuz will not result in a swift return to trading and economic normality. Some LNG and oil production facilities been damaged, and production has been curbed at unaffected oil wells given lower trading volumes, and it takes time and skilled expertise to repressurise and return to full production. It will take between three and five months for oil facilities to be repaired, on average; more for some sites. In the case of Qatar’s Ras Laffan LNG production site, which lost 17% of capacity in the March 10 strike by Iran, repairing the damage will take years.
All maritime schedules have been upended by the conflict. Insurance costs will rise given heightened risk to shipping in the region. After several days of the ceasefire, only a trickle of sea freight was allowed passage. Iran and the US have both imposed naval blockades.
There are other causes of the lagging impact of the war. At the outset of hostilities, nations had stocks of commodities, plus strategic reserves, while ships that had been loaded before the conflict began were already en route. In March there was a release from strategic reserves of oil of 400mn barrels, but by definition this source is finite.
The economic impact ripples throughout the entire global economy: From AI data centres to crop producers. There have been blackouts and energy rationing in some countries. ACI Europe, which represents airports in the European Union, has warned that the European aviation industry is running low on jet fuel. Diversion of supply for military use is compounding the issue.
The IMF’s latest report on the global growth outlook sets out three scenarios:
Reference projection, with a limited conflict and swift reopening of the Strait – Global growth slows from 3.3% to 3.1%, inflation reaches 4.4%.
Adverse scenario, larger, persistent increases in energy prices – Growth falls to 2.5% and inflation is 5.4%.
Severe scenario, prolonged conflict with further damage to oil and gas installations in the Gulf – Growth is just 2% and inflation is over 6%.
The latter two indicate global stagflation. The impact will be highly variable, with nations directly affected by the conflict, such as Iran, Kuwait, Lebanon and Qatar, experiencing the biggest shocks, along with vulnerable emerging markets that are reliant on importing key commodities.
Elevated inflation risk means there will likely be no cut in interest rates, and possibly some increases.
The impact on some farmers is likely to be devastating, given that the Strait of Hormuz is the trade route for around one third of maritime fertiliser traffic in normal conditions. The conflict erupted during the planting season in the northern hemisphere. Fertiliser is perishable and normally cheap, so stocks are typically low. Farmers face higher prices for both fuel and fertiliser. The United Nations World Food Programme has warned that 45mn people face acute food insecurity if the conflict lasts until the middle of the year and oil prices are above $100 per barrel.
As regards oil, there are other sources around the world, but Gulf oil is cheap and easy to extract. Also, it is light oil, which is cheaper to refine than heavy oil from Venezuela. Refined oil products are exported via the Gulf, so some countries without refining capacity may be badly affected.
Many governments are in a weak fiscal position, following the cost of the Covid pandemic, although the private sector, both corporate and households, were entering the crisis in better state, according to the IMF.
Gulf economies have built up a vast treasure chest, worth an estimated $6tn. But the direct costs of repairing oil and gas infrastructure amount to around $25bn, economic will be affected.
Humans are inventive, and have a need to trade. Usually, we will find a way, but this transition will be long and economically painful. In the context of the global economy, the metaphor of the frog in hot water is inexact: There is nowhere for us to jump to.
The author is a Qatari banker, with many years of experience in the banking sector in senior positions.