Setting strategic priorities
Strategy is one of the most frequently used, and misunderstood, terms in geopolitics. Yet a clear understanding of the motivations behind national strategies helps us to analyse how and why states behave the way they do in international affairs. Even experts do not agree on what constitutes a strategy. It has been subject to numerous defintions including: “the art of creating power” and a way to “secure one’s state in world where war is possible”. At its most fundamental, a strategy is a deliberate and calculated plan that draws on a nation’s available instruments of power – economic, diplomatic, military, and informational – to overcome threats and make the most of new opportnities in an unpredictable and dangerous world. Decisionmakers need to have a clearly defined end goal before drawing up a strategy. Or to put it another way, it is impossible to have a successful strategy if you do not know what you want to achieve. Without clarity on ultimate objectives, a strategy is meaningless. This is a critical point because a clear understanding of goals allows policymakers to decide on which threats and opportunities need to be prioritised. It also enables them to choose the right policies and to deploy the required resources. Strategies can be defensive or offensive. A defensive strategy is adopted when there is a threat to core interests – for example, to national identity or sovereignty. An offensive strategy is intended to take advantage of new opportunities – for example, new security alliances or trade deals. This multi-stage process underscores the point that strategy is not an abstract exercise. It is a plan to turn goals into policy action. To take one example, the EU’s Energy System Integration Strategy, also known as the “EU Green Deal” is a strategic vision articulated by the EU for a decarbonised energy system that would reduce dependence on fossil fuels and foreign suppliers. The end goal of this strategy is a sustainable, integrated energy system in Europe. The policies adopted to achieve this include regulatory reform and the phased integration of electricity, gas, heating, and transport sectors. While the resources allocated to support these policies include investment in renewables, and the strengthening of cross-border collaboration in building transnational renewable infrastructure. A smaller, but no less telling, example, is Indonesia’s evolving strategy to deal with high levels of maritime crime. In 2004, Indonesia ranked as the world’s second-highest victim of maritime crime. This was a significant challenge for a nation made up of over 17,000 islands and deeply dependent on maritime trade. Over the next two decades, through sustained investment in naval and coast guard capabilities, regional co-operation frameworks, and international partnerships, Indonesia transformed itself into a global leader in combating maritime crime. Strategies have an important political, as well as practical function. They not only address policy design or the allocation of resources. More importantly, they also serve as a way to signal national priorities and overarching national goals to constituents, allies and adversaries. The US National Security Strategy (NSS) is the highest-level strategy document produced by the US government. It is published every four years (or once in every presidential term). It sets the context for military, economic, diplomatic, and intelligence policy and planning and, as noted above, signals and signposts American national security priorities to the world. It can also define the administration’s vision for American leadership not only in terms of its priorities and focus but in its ambition and approach to dealing with allies and adversaries, and its promotion of values and institutions far beyond its borders (for example, human rights, climate change, international law and the UN). The most recent US National Security Strategy was released by the Trump administration in December 2025. The strategy, which President Trump described as “realism guided by our national interests and rooted in our timeless values”, outlined three main threats: “rogue regimes”, “rival powers”, and “transnational terrorist organisations”. Complicating matters further, no strategy can be formulated — or sustained — without a clear understanding of the environment within which it will be executed. A change in the geopolitical environment require changes in strategy. The 2025 US National Security Strategy is responding to a strategic environment far different from the bipolar reality of the Cold War and the strategies of containment and deterrence that dominated thinking from the 1940s until the early 1990s. It is also true that your own strategy does not exist in a vacuum. The US strategic approach under President Trump has forced long-time American allies to adapt their strategies as well. Speaking at the World Economic Forum in Davos in January 2026 and again during the opening week of the UN General Assembly last month, Prime Minister Mark Carney of Canada encapsulated this. In both speeches, he laid out a new strategy of value-based realism to deal with rising great power rivalry, geopolitical instability and the erosion of the rules-based international order. Strategy is not just about identifying what you want to achieve or adapting to a changing environment. It is also about matching ambitious goals with a realistic assessment of existing capabilities. A strategy is only as effective as the capabilities available to implement it. Ultimately strategic priorities drive resource allocation and capability development. This is why the US military budget that supports the 2025 US National Security Strategy is estimated at US$850bn. But resources other than money also matter. The availability of technological expertise is an important reason why the EU, in 2026, reversed its long-time strategy of reducing reliance on nuclear power and announced a new strategy to incorporate small modular nuclear reactors into its energy mix by the early 2030s. In other words, a good strategy requries knowing your end goals and having the necessary capabilities and resources. But it also requires a clear understanding of the external environment and a willingness to adapt to political, military, economic, social, and technological change in a timely fashion. • The writer is professor of International Politics and director of the Small States and Energy Studies Programs at Georgetown University in Qatar @RoryDavidMiller