Opinion
The rising importance of regional security alliances for small states
Over the last decade, such coalitions have become an increasingly central component of regional security across Africa and the Middle East. In Africa, these have included the G5 Sahel Joint Task Force and the Multinational Joint Task Force (MNJTF), established in 2014 and 2015 respectively to address the threat of Islamist terror in West Africa. More recently, the East African Community Regional Force (EACRF) was launched in 2022 to stabilize the eastern region of the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) amidst a resurgence of numerous armed factions including the M23 rebel group. In the Middle East, these coalitions have included two other Saudi-led initiatives: the Arab Coalition in Yemen and the Islamic Military Counter Terrorism Coalition both established in 2015.
All of these coalitions differ in mandate, sophistication and size – from the 5-member G5 Sahel Joint Task Force to the 43 member Islamic Military Counter Terrorism Coalition. But they also share several key characteristics that distinguish them from traditional alliances like NATO or other formal regional organizations like the EU and the GCC. Firstly, they do not have strict conditions for admission.
Membership does not require participants to agree up front to financial or other material contributions. Members also usually agree to join without any resort to formal arrangements such as treaties that set down rules and other obligations. This flexibility and a lack of binding commitments removes the need for drawn out negotiations among prospective members before the coalition can be launched.
But the improvised nature of these coalitions and their lack of formal rules means that their success depends on the willingness of participants and other stakeholders to work together on an ad hoc basis to achieve the coalition’s mission. The first of these relationships that matters is the one between coalition members and the major external actors outside of it, primarily the US and China.
The second is the relationship between the coalition’s middle power leader, in this case Saudi Arabia, and other local middle powers who join the coalition as subordinate members. In the Maritime Defense Alliance this includes Pakistan, Turkiye, Nigeria and Egypt. The third is the relationship between the middle power leader (Saudi Arabia) and smaller states. These are the majority of coalition members, and so far in the Maritime Defense Alliance include Kuwait, Bahrain, Qatar, Jordan and Djibouti.
Small state participation in these coalitions is in itself evidence of the increasingly multicomplex security environment we inhabit. In the past, smaller actors prefered to join security alliances led by global superpowers because they offered stability and predictability and could, in some cases, even entail security guarantees enshrined in a treaty. Informal coalitions, like the Maritime Defence Alliance, do not offer any of that. On the contrary, in informal coalitions the concrete mission takes priority over any potential security commitments to coalition partners in so far as they even exist.
This is a reality that member states of all sizes face. However, because the security of smaller states usually depends on some form of security assurances from allies, it impacts on them far more than larger states.
While the financial costs of entry into informal coalitions is minimal or non-existent, membership brings other costs for small states. Firstly, these coalitions only exist for a specific mission or task. This makes the contributions of each member more visible and subject to scrutiny, which in turn makes outright non-participation in return for benefits – known in the academic literature as "free-riding” – much more difficult for a small state to achieve than in a formal alliance. Small states in informal coalitions cannot hide in the shadows; membership always entails some level of active participation – the very definition of being part of a coalition.
The informality of these coalitions also means that there are few formal institutional mechanisms that allow for debate and discussion and offer small states an opportunity to have a say in decision-making. At the same time, participation in an informal coalition can draw a country further into the realm of the leading actor and therefore affects longer-term relations with the respective regional rivals. Smaller states need to be aware of this, especially in the current regional context of dynamic multipolarity, where several middle powers compete for regional influence.
This does not mean that there are no potential advantages for small states who participate in informal coalitions like the Maritime Defence Alliance. Firstly, small states are usually incapable of countering major regional challenges on their own and, in these terms, tend to be enthusiastic supporters of whatever collaborative frameworks are available to address specific security threats.
Moreover, the non-binding nature of cooperation also reduces the risk of entrapment – a scenario feared especially by weaker partners in formal alliances, whereby they are forced into fighting the battles of bigger members. If military or other security interventions escalate in ways that a small state in a coalition does not support, the exit option is always available.
Finally, small states can have influence in, or through, an informal alliance if they can exercise leverage over, or at least work in partnership with, the coalition leader. In this situation, the coalition can be a vehicle for smaller members to achieve more regional influence than their size would normally allow.
The Maritime Defence Alliance is in its infancy, but all of these factors are likely to have big implications for the management of its operational tasks and the levels and nature of cooperation between member states in coming months.
- The writer is Professor of International Politics and Director of the Small States and Energy Studies Programs at Georgetown Univeristy in Qatar @RoryDavidMiller