Opinion
The $121tn plus club: Big business at the heart of global power politics
Banking, tech and energy dominate the top 10 (6 financial institutions, 3 tech firms and 1 energy company). Together the 2000 corporations on this list account for $56tn in annual revenues (total sales), roughly 45% of the total global economy. Their combined market capitalisation (total value) stands at $121.9tn and they make trillions in yearly profits.
The annual revenues and market capitalisation of some of these corporations dwarf the GDPs of many countries. Amazon revenues exceeded the GDPs of Switzerland and Poland; Apple generated bigger revenues than the GDPs of Malaysia and Singapore. The chipmaker NVIDIA has a market valuation larger than the GDPs of Japan, India and the UK; the market valuation of Alphabet (Google’s parent company), is bigger than the combined GDPs of 38 African nations.
Admittedly, comparing GDP and revenues or market capitalisation is not an exact measure of economic power. It also raises some anomalies. The Danish pharma company Novo Nordisk, the maker of the weight-loss drug Ozempic, has a market capitalization greater than the GDP of its home country.
Nevertheless, the "Global 2000” list does effectively show the staggering concentration of wealth that drives the power of global multinationals. It is also a testament to how much these multinationals feed into geoeconomic and geopolitical power. American and Chinese companies account for 933 of the 2000 companies on the list (593 for the US and 340 for China). They also account for 9 of the top 10 companies (6 American and 3 Chinese). The Saudi energy giant, ARAMCO, completes the top 10.
The rise of multinationals can be traced back to three interrelated processes. The first is the unprecedented rise in economic interdependence in the decades after the Second World War. In Southeast Asia, for example, this was the result of the spread of ethnic Chinese business networks and the growth and expansion of, primarily, Japanese multinational corporations in the 1950s and 1960s. Today Japan has the third most corporations on the Forbes list.
The second is globalisation, which includes rising economic interdependence alongside deeper cross-border political, social and cultural ties. The third is the transformation of technology from a product you sell into a tool used to scale and dominate. Software, for example, can be distributed globally in seconds at nearly zero add-on cost. Digital platforms get stronger as they expand internationally, often crushing local competitors in the process (think Uber or Airbnb).
Tech-giants and other major multinational corporations have combined these advantages and their vast financial resources to gain influence all over the world. They do so by offering recipient countries coveted foreign direct investment that brings jobs, taxes and prestige. They also promote their interests through political lobbying and "jurisdiction shopping”, whereby they benefit from local concerns that they will take their business and investments elsewhere unless they get priveleged terms. In one of the most famous cases, Ireland fought a European Union order to collect over $14bn in back taxes from Apple out of fear that if it took the money tech-giants would abandon the country.
But the actual influence of these corporations goes far beyond these very visible activities. They play a role in almost all our day-to-day activities. Every time we use a bank, a hospital or engage with a government ministry we are dependent on the smooth running of Amazon (AWS), Microsoft (Azure), and Google Cloud. A whole host of other corporations beyond tech shape consumer behaviour, employment trends and urban and rural landscapes in both positive and negative ways.
This influence provides CEOs a global platform to promote their own political, cultural and ideological views. This was evident in the very public feud between former UK prime minister Keir Starmer and Elon Musk. On several occasions before he left office this month, Starmer accused Musk of interfering in British politics and of spreading lies and misinformation.
Recent geopolitical events – the Ukraine war, the Trump tariffs, the Iran-US conflict and the closure of the Strait of Hormuz – highlight something else: in an interconnected global system localised shocks never remain local. The same factors that make multinationals such important global players – economic interdependence, globalisation and technology – make them more vulnerable than ever to instability, insecurity and disorder. Apple products are designed in California, but they are manufactured by more than 150 suppliers all over the world. Social unrest in any of these locations can have a very detrimental impact. So can a cyber-attack on critical infrastructure in an important supplier country.
The fact that geopolitics, commerce and technology are so bound together makes it increasingly difficult for corporations to treat the sourcing of raw materials, manufacturing or logistics as apolitical endeavours. In one recent case, 80% of CEOs polled after the introduction of tariffs by the White House last year said that the result would be widespread disruptions and the need for alternative supply chains. As one seasoned observer of corporate life recently summed up: "For CEOs, never before has there been so much emphasis on having to be close to what’s happening politically.....I think that CEOs in the past...assumed that the world would want what they could offer.”
The most recent World Economic Forum Global Risks Report ranks geoeconomic competition alongside armed conflicts between states as the main sources of future instability. This raises another challenge for multinational corporations who risk getting caught in the crossfire of great power competition. It also underscores another, no less important, point: despite the size and influence of multinational corporations, we still live in a world dominated by the decisions of powerful sovereign nation states. Not even the mega-corporations on this year’s Forbes "Global 2000” list are immune from this reality.
- The writer is Professor of International Politics and Director of the Small States and Energy Studies Programs at Georgetown Univeristy in Qatar
@RoryDavidMiller