Opinion
Sovereignty on paper
Lebanon has won a document that calls it independent. It has not won back its land, its people or its peace
By then Israel’s renewed war on Hizbullah, which began on March 2nd, had driven some 1.2m people from their homes — more than a fifth of Lebanon’s population — and killed more than 4,000. Israeli bulldozers were erasing border villages one by one, in what many Lebanese saw as the Gaza plan moved north: more than 40,000 homes in the south destroyed, whole towns wiped from the map. Beirut’s call for talks went unanswered for weeks.
That it was answered at all owed less to Beirut than to Washington. Donald Trump’s inner circle on the Middle East is unusually Lebanese. His envoy to Turkey, Tom Barrack, descends from emigrants from Zahle; his ambassador to Lebanon, Michel Issa, is Lebanese-American; and his in-law and adviser Massad Boulos, whose son married Trump’s daughter Tiffany, was born in Lebanon. The couple’s first child — Trump’s grandson, with a Lebanese-American father — arrived in 2025. Sentiment aside, Trump had a colder reason to act. Israel’s bombing of Beirut threatened to wreck a larger prize: his deal to end the war with Iran. He leaned on Binyamin Netanyahu to stop.
The strategy was to deny Iran its Lebanese arm. Rather than let Tehran fold Lebanon into the terms of its own ceasefire, Trump chose to back the government in Beirut, which insisted that it alone had the right to speak for the country. The trouble was that the government had little to speak with. The Aoun-Salam administration, in office only since early 2025, had spent its entire mandate managing a war it did not start and could not stop. It had never been free to govern.
Weak hands rarely win at the table, and Lebanon’s were very weak. The United States set the talks in motion and hosted them in Washington, where Secretary of State Marco Rubio steered five rounds of negotiation. By the time they began, Israel occupied roughly a fifth of Lebanese territory and more than a million Lebanese were displaced. Worse for Beirut, it played its hand alone.
The 2026 war with Iran had swallowed the Gulf. Iran’s closure of the Strait of Hormuz pushed Brent crude above $120 a barrel at its peak; the International Energy Agency called it the largest supply disruption in the history of the oil market. Gulf states faced shortages of food and even water. The Gulf Co-operation Council, normally Lebanon’s deepest pocket and loudest patron, was fighting for its own economic life. Lebanon’s gamble was a solitary one.
The result, signed on June 26th, reads like a text written in Israel and pressed on Lebanon by Rubio. The Lebanese delegation balked at the conditions and, by several accounts, almost walked out. It signed anyway. On paper the agreement is historic: not since 1983 have the two states formally recognised each other’s sovereignty. That should reassure no-one. The agreement of May 1983 was also signed while Israeli troops occupied Lebanon; it was never ratified, and Beirut tore it up within a year. This one, too, is signed under occupation — which is the heart of the problem. In practice it gives Lebanon almost nothing it can hold. Israel agrees to leave only two small "pilot zones.” It keeps the fifth of Lebanon it occupies until Hizbullah is verifiably disarmed — and there is the trap. The agreement is built on a condition that cannot be met. Hizbullah will not be disarmed by force, which has been tried, nor by politics, which has failed for two decades. Neither the Lebanese army nor the Israeli one can deliver it.
If the deal cannot be implemented, who benefits from signing it? The answer is Netanyahu. He called the framework "a major achievement for Israel” and a blow to Iran, and lost no time selling it. Israel faces an election by October 27th. His Likud party leads the polls but his coalition is short of a majority, and he had just been embarrassed when Washington and Tehran ended their war without him. The framework lets him claim a victory in the north and a "security zone” defended on his terms, with no obligation to leave. For a prime minister whose fortunes have sagged since the failures of October 7th, it is a timely gift.
In Lebanon the agreement was dead on arrival. Naim Qassem, Hezbollah’s leader, pronounced it "null and void.” Hezbollah and its ally Amal, led by the speaker, Nabih Berri, treated it as though it did not exist. Supporters burned tyres and blocked the road to Beirut’s airport. That leaves Aoun and his prime minister, Nawaf Salam, in a strange limbo: holders of a paper that registers Lebanon as a sovereign state, independent of Iran’s bargaining, but commanders of no force that can make the paper real.
One actor showed unexpected restraint. After weeks of attacking the Lebanese initiative, Iran did not push its allies into the street battles that many feared. It allowed the anger to simmer rather than boil. Tehran has no interest in a Lebanon that collapses into its own blood while Iran is still recovering from war. The calm is tactical, not friendly. What the agreement really marks is the opening of a new phase in the long quarrel over Hozbollah’s weapons—and over the very sovereignty that Aoun and Salam have staked their futures, and their country’s, upon.
The bill for that quarrel is staggering, and it is the part no signing ceremony can wish away. More than a million Lebanese remain displaced. Towns destroyed in vengeance have left families with no homes, no schools, no hospitals to return to. The treasury is empty and the economy is sinking deeper into a crisis that began in 2019, the worst financial collapse in the country’s history, which has wiped out almost all of the lira’s value and pushed more than a third of Lebanese into poverty. The finance minister, Yassine Jaber, puts fresh war damage at no less than $3bn-4bn, on top of some $7bn from the fighting of 2023-24. The World Bank’s reconstruction estimate of $11bn is already out of date and climbing; some officials speak of $20bn-30bn. For a bankrupt state, the figure might as well be written on the moon.
For now the war is paused rather than ended, halted by Trump and held in place by his interest, not by any guarantee on the page. Hezbollah follows Tehran’s agenda as stubbornly as ever. Only one man can change the arithmetic: the president who stopped the bombing can also force a real Israeli withdrawal, and turn a hollow document into something Lebanon can use. Until he does, Aoun and Salam are left holding a certificate of sovereignty in a country where sovereignty stops at the edge of the occupied fifth.
- The Lebanese writer is former editor of Al-Hayat in London and The Daily Star in Beirut.