Opinion
Fallout of wars: Large and lasting economic costs
The Middle East and North Africa region is expected to post a sharply slower growth this year as oil-exporting countries grapple with the fallout from the Iran war, the IMF has said
Wars cause large and persistent economic losses in countries where fighting takes place, with output declining by roughly 7% over five years on average, and economic scars lasting for more than a decade, according to the International Monetary Fund.
In 2024, the latest year for which data is available, more than 35 countries experienced conflict in their territory and about 45% of the world’s population lived in countries affected by conflict. "Beyond their devastating human toll, wars impose large and lasting economic costs, and pose difficult macroeconomic trade-offs, especially for those countries where the fighting is taking place,” the IMF said.
The Middle East and North Africa region is expected to have a sharply slower growth this year as oil-exporting countries grapple with the fallout from the Iran war, the IMF said on Tuesday. The region’s real GDP growth forecast was slashed to 1.1% in the IMF’s latest World Economic Outlook, 2.8 percentage points lower than its January projection.
Growth is expected to rebound to 4.8% in 2027. The IMF said, however, that its estimates for 2027 assumed energy production and transportation in the region are normalised over the next few months. It noted that this assumption may need to be revised if the conflict drags on.
Tehran’s attacks on its Gulf neighbours, in response to US-Israeli strikes that began in late February, have damaged major energy facilities and disrupted shipping through the Strait of Hormuz, which would normally handle about 20% of global oil and liquefied natural gas flows.
The IMF downgraded global growth projection for the year after the war triggered a major oil shock and included the possibility of a downturn if the conflict drags on and energy infrastructure is severally damaged.
Global gross domestic product is now expected to rise 3.1% this year, compared with 3.3% predicted in January, the Washington-based fund said in its latest World Economic Outlook. That’s assuming a relatively short-lived conflict and moderate gain in energy prices this year.
Developing economies are expected to take the biggest hit. Growth in emerging markets was cut to 3.9% this year, from a 4.2% forecast just a few months ago. The impact will be smaller in developed countries including the US, an oil exporter.
The war sparked by the joint US-Israeli attack on Iran and which spread across the Middle East has cost Arab countries $186bn, a top UN official has said.
"We estimate that the loss to the Arab region’s GDP as a result of one month of fighting will be around 6%... 6% of GDP means the region has lost around $186bn from its economy in a single month,” UN assistant secretary-general Abdallah al-Dardari said earlier.
At the same time, World Bank President Ajay Banga is sounding the alarm about a bigger, looming crisis: a huge gap in jobs for the 1.2bn people who will reach working age in developing countries in the next 10 to 15 years. At current trajectories, those economies will generate only about 400mn jobs, leaving a deficit of 800mn jobs.
The spring meetings of the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund are being held under the shadow of the US-Israel war on Iran that threatens to slow global growth and jack up inflation. The extent of the hit to the economy will depend on the durability of the two-week ceasefire announced last week.
The ceasefire has halted most attacks. But it has not ended Iran’s effective blockade of the Strait of Hormuz, which has caused the biggest-ever disruption to global energy supplies.
"The Middle East conflict halted growth momentum,” IMF Chief Economist Pierre-Olivier Gourinchas said in a blog post. "The shock’s ultimate magnitude will depend on the conflict’s duration and scale — and how quickly energy production and shipment normalize once hostilities end.”