The conflict in the Middle East has rattled markets around the world, but the gyrations have been especially pronounced in UK bonds, which are particularly vulnerable to jitters over inflation and strained government finances.
Bonds fell globally in March on concern the conflict would prompt central banks to raise interest rates, but the UK endured some of the most extreme market moves. The 10-year yield — a benchmark for Britain’s borrowing costs — briefly topped 5% on March 20 for the first time since the 2008 financial crisis (bond yields move in the opposite direction of prices). Traders are betting that the Bank of England will raise rates by at least half a percentage point this year.
It’s a grim backdrop for a country already contending with fragile finances and political challenges. The rise in borrowing costs is making it harder for the government to meet its fiscal targets, creating an extra headache for UK Prime Minister Keir Starmer, who has been facing leadership threats from within the governing Labour Party.
The UK bond market stabilized somewhat after President Donald Trump claimed the US was negotiating with Iran to bring an end to the conflict. But even if that comes to fruition, oil and gas prices are unlikely to fall swiftly back to their prewar levels as damaged energy infrastructure will take a long time to fix.
Why did the UK bond market take such a big hit?
UK government bonds, which are often called gilts because they used to be issued as paper certificates with a golden edge, are heading for their worst month since the historic rout that led to the ousting of former Prime Minister Liz Truss.
The UK is particularly vulnerable due to its reliance on imported energy, persistent inflation and its dependence on foreign borrowing. The war in the Middle East all but halted traffic through the vital Strait of Hormuz, sending oil and gas prices climbing. The leap in commodity prices sparked fears of a rerun of 2022, when Russia’s invasion of Ukraine caused an energy crunch that prompted central banks to raise rates.
Prior to the conflict, confidence was running high that UK policymakers would move to lower rates by half a percentage point this year. Now, markets are fully pricing in two quarter-point rate increases, with around a 70% chance of a third. Those expectations have sent yields on two-year gilts up nearly one percentage point — more than their European and US counterparts.
The behavior of some hedge funds invested in the UK may also be partly to blame for the recent bout of bond volatility.
What effect have hedge funds had?
Hedge funds piled into gilts at the start of the year in anticipation that a weakening labor market would prompt the Bank of England to cut interest rates to stimulate the economy. Buying UK government bonds has been one of the market’s favorite trades, and the energy-price surge has prompted a swift unwinding of those positions.
While they aren’t the sole drivers of the volatility, brokers and fund managers interviewed by Bloomberg suggested that the reliance of hedge funds on borrowed cash to boost returns, and aggressive exit strategies during times of stress, may have magnified the ructions.
This has led to questions over whether market expectations for the Bank of England’s next moves on rates are at odds with reality. UK benchmark rates are much higher than they were in 2022, and at 3.75%, many say they are still slowing economic activity. BoE Governor Andrew Bailey cautioned against "reaching any strong conclusions” about the possibility of UK interest-rate increases in response to the surge in global energy prices, after the central bank opted to leave rates unchanged at its mid-March meeting.
Is there a risk of another ‘Truss’ moment?
The moves have been dramatic, but the bond selloff was far from the 2022 crisis that swept former premier Truss from office after less than two months. Then, the government announced £45bn ($60bn) of unfunded tax cuts at a time when the government was already paying billions of pounds to support households through an energy crisis.
Unlike in 2022, when the Bank of England had to make emergency bond purchases to calm markets, officials have not needed to step in to ease the volatility.
What does the rise in yields mean for UK government finances?
The surge in gilt yields since the start of the Iran war erased about £4.5bn of Chancellor of the Exchequer Rachel Reeves’ fiscal buffer, according to calculations by Bloomberg Economics. Reeves has set a rule to balance day-to-day spending with taxation and the Office for Budget Responsibility estimated she had a £23.6bn buffer in its March forecast. The OBR’s projection used a snapshot of market interest rates when the 10-year gilt yield was 4.5%, about half a percentage point lower than its level on March 24.
The Labour Party is facing growing pressure to announce a package to help people with their energy bills, which are expected to increase by 20% when an existing price cap covering gas and electricity expires at the end of June. The question is whether the government can afford such support and how much extra borrowing bond investors would tolerate. It’s also unclear whether sweeping measures will be necessary, if Trump’s attempt at negotiations with Iran manages to stem the rise in energy prices.