Business
'Pax Silica' agreement connects the world
An agreement between the US and Gulf states on energy and supplies for the AI revolution offers a win-win for both regions, and comes alongside other major investments in the technology
The Gulf states lie approximately half way between the US and China in location, and are similarly equidistant in terms of geopolitics. The ‘Pax Silica’ agreement, signed by Qatar on January 12 and by the United Arab Emirates three days later, is a deal with the US that commits the parties to co-operation on supply and infrastructure to support the AI industry.
The deal has been achieved by the two Gulf states without alienating China, an important trading and diplomatic partner. It is a significant buyer of liquefied natural gas (LNG) from Qatar, for example. China continues to dominate the sourcing and refinement of rare earth metals, which are essential for many hi-tech purposes.
Pax Silica is not a formal trade treaty, but a statement of shared principles. For the US, the over-riding aim is security of supply chains for the rapidly growing AI industry, while offering economic opportunities to its partners. The US Under-Secretary of State for Economic Affairs Jacob Helberg visited the Gulf region in January as the agreement was sealed. He said: ‘For the UAE and Qatar, this marks a shift from a hydrocarbon-centric security architecture to one focused on silicon statecraft.’
It is not confined to the Gulf states, also including Australia, Japan, Israel, South Korea, Singapore and the United Kingdom.
The agreement is highly significant. It is a reminder that, for all the talk of computing storage that is ‘in the cloud’, the AI revolution involves a considerable amount of physical engineering, natural resources and supply chains. The large data centres being constructed for the next generation of AI applications require silicon, rare earth metals and, above all, energy, of which the Gulf has plentiful, relatively cheap supply – both fossil fuel-based and renewables.
Data centres have a large and growing demand for electricity, with use anticipated to triple by 2030.
The giant Stargate $500bn data centre project was announced last year by OpenAI, SoftBank, and Oracle. The centres will be in the US, but MGX, a technology investment arm of the Government of the United Arab Emirates, is a major investor.
Qatar is also investing heavily. In December the Qatar Investment Authority announced the establishment of Qai, an AI specialist start-up, and Qai has formed a joint venture with global investment firm Brookfield to build AI data centres. The $20bn investment will include an integrated Compute Centre for Qatar, and potentially overseas investments also.
QIA is also investing in Elon Musk’s xAI venture, along with investor partners including Fidelity and Nvidia, as part of the company’s $20bn Series E funding round. The investments include data centres and AI applications under the Grok brand.
In a separate development, Qatar’s Ministry of Communications and Information Technology (MCIT), has announced a partnership with Scale AI, a major North American provider of AI solutions, to boost efficiencies and improved services through application of AI in the public sector. The partners will look for improvements in health care, urban planning, education and the legal sector, with the potential for lower costs, better services for citizens and improved decision-making and risk management. There are similar initiatives in other Gulf states.
These developments are part of the move to build a thriving digital and knowledge-based economy within Qatar, as part of the Qatar National Vision 2030.
There is extensive use of AI in the oil and gas industry, and considerable scope for further applications. It is important to distinguish between the field of robotics, which is longer established, and AI, including large language models (LLMs), analytic tools and smart sensors.
AI can reduce the time needed to analyse geological data, in order to identify drilling sites with potential. It can also optimise drilling parameters. In refining, production schedules can be optimised, and energy use reduced. Another application is cutting methane pollution with the help of sensors and drones, helping reduce environmental impact, improve efficiency and reduce costs.
While there is talk of excessive valuations in AI tech companies, the broader development is one of an industrial revolution given the immense and growing potential. It may be that some commercial users of AI realise more gains than the providers of the solutions themselves.
The ultimate test of AI will be its ability to deliver economic and social gains. There is a growing knowledge base around the smart prompting of LLMs, and bespoke applications for certain sectors. AI has applications that are universal, across services, manufacturing, logistics, supply and the public sector, but there can be a considerable gap between the most and least effective applications.
It is a smart move for the Gulf nations to place themselves at the heart of the development of AI technology. There are potential social and environmental gains from smart applications, and returns will not only be measured in financial terms.
The author is a Qatari banker, with many years of experience in the banking sector in senior positions.