India’s job engine strains as Iran war hits remittances, trade
The war in the Middle East is squeezing two pillars of Indian employment, forcing Gulf-based workers home and crushing demand for the country’s manufactured exports, from leather goods to glassware. For decades, work in the Middle East and global demand for labour-intensive manufacturing in sectors such as footwear and garments gave a generation of Indians stable, and in some cases lucrative, incomes. Now, the foreign conflict has dealt a double blow to the economy, with returning migrant workers stuck in India and unable to find similar pay in their home towns, heightening the risk of social unrest as unemployment grows. Until January, Mohammad Qureshi worked at a jewellery shop in Saudi Arabia, earning about 30,000 rupees ($311) a month, saving enough to build a small home and help pay for his sister’s wedding. Now, the 32-year-old earns barely a third of that working at his cousins’ tea stall in the Indian city of Kanpur, after the Iran war disrupted his plans to return to the Middle East. “Life in Saudi was easy and the money was good,” Qureshi said. “Life is difficult here. I pray the war ends soon so we can go back.” India’s economy is still growing at nearly 7% and urban unemployment stands at 6.6%, but economists and recruiters warn of weak hiring, slow wage growth and worsening job quality for the 6-7mn young Indians entering the workforce each year. If unattended, the strain could hurt consumption and fuel unrest like the protests in north India last month, they warn. The pressures are visible in industrial hubs such as Kanpur in Uttar Pradesh, India’s most populous state. At Kings International, a leather factory supplying saddlery overseas and sports goods to Decathlon, owner Taj Alam said the Middle East conflict has driven up fuel, gas, logistics and shipping costs, squeezing profits just as demand weakens. Alam said his factory, which can process 200 hides a day, and once employed over 500 workers, is now running at about half capacity and half its workforce, leaving little incentive to expand or hire. “The outlook will remain bleak until the Strait of Hormuz stabilises,” he said. “Why invest when the future looks uncertain?” Kanpur accounts for roughly a quarter of India’s $6bn annual leather exports and directly or indirectly employs about 500,000 people, according to Mukhtarul Amin, vice-chairman of the Council for Leather Exports. He said businesses in the sector remain cautious about hiring and investment, even as they try to retain workers and avoid layoffs. Out of nearly 19mn Indians working overseas, about 9mn are in the Gulf. World Bank estimates show economic growth in the Gulf region slowing to 1.3% in 2026 from 4.4% in 2025, putting jobs at risk. Recruiters say hiring has become more uncertain since the US-Israeli strikes on Iran, with employers delaying recruitment and families hesitant to pay migration costs. At Hayat Placement Services in Kanpur, recruiter Gautam Bhatnagar said opportunities had dried up at home and abroad. “Earlier, we used to place 5-10 candidates every month,” he said. “Now we are lucky if we can place even one or two.” There are no official figures on how many Indian workers have left the Gulf. However, a foreign ministry official told reporters last month that about 1.1mn Indians including passengers, workers and other travellers, had returned from the region between the start of hostilities on February 28 and the end of April. Uncertainty is also rippling through southern Kerala, where Gulf remittances have long shaped the local economy. Thomas Cherian, 50, spent 18 years working for a construction firm in Saudi Arabia before returning home on leave in December. He had been due to return in March, but the company halted its project and laid off about 600 workers, he said. If he cannot return by end-June, his visa will lapse. “There has been no mass return so far,” said Ajith Kolassery, chief executive of NORKA Roots, an agency of the state’s Non-Resident Keralites Affairs Department. “But if the conflict continues, financial stress in Gulf economies could lead to large-scale repatriation, adding pressure to Kerala’s already strained job market.” Remittances from overseas Indians stood at $102.5bn in April-December 2025, up from $92.4bn a year earlier. Data for January-March is yet to be released. For Prime Minister Narendra Modi’s government, the risks extend beyond the economy.India has nearly 400mn people aged 15-29, and generating non-farm jobs for them remains one of its biggest challenges despite rapid growth.