Ghana’s cedi has weakened every year since at least 1994. Now the central bank appears to have drawn a line in the sand, ready to intervene should the currency slip out of the tight range it’s held since May.
The Bank of Ghana has sold dollars in the spot and forward markets to stabilise the cedi, and closely monitors foreign-exchange trading to keep speculation to a minimum, according to traders and analysts who spoke to Bloomberg. 
The central bank is well-armed with foreign-exchange reserves after a $3bn Eurobond sale in February.
That means the currency probably won’t weaken much beyond the 2.1% decline it’s posted this year – which would be its best performance since 2006, when it dropped 1.4%. The cedi has slumped 18.8% a year on average over the past two-and-a-half decades, according to data compiled by Bloomberg.
“The central bank has been coming onto the market to match dollar demand in the last couple of months,” Edem Kporku, senior research analyst at Apakan Securities Ltd, said by phone. “They are trying to maintain the currency at a fairly stable trading range.”
In addition to the Eurobond, the country received a $1bn emergency loan from the International Monetary Fund and a $100mn package from the World Bank after the coronavirus struck. 
The central bank concluded a $1bn repo arrangement with the US Federal Reserve, helping sustain international reserves that eased to $9.2bn in June from $9.9bn in March.
The regulator sells about $40mn each month on the spot market and $50mn on the forward market, according to Anthony Asare, head of treasury at GCB Bank Ltd Though the amounts aren’t large, “these interventions reduce speculation and give direction to the market,” he said.
The cedi was little changed at 5.7828 per dollar yesterday. It’s been trading in a range around that level since rebounding from a decline to a record 6.0401 in the wake of the Covid-19 sell-off in April. 
While risks, including elections in the US and Ghana, may weigh on the cedi, it’s unlikely the central bank will allow sustained weakness, said Neville Mandimika, a Johannesburg-based economist at Rand Merchant Bank Ltd.
“Any weakness is likely going to invite the Bank of Ghana to sell dollars into the market to stabilise it,” Mandimika said.
Three-month forward contracts on the currency traded at 6.0150 per dollar yesterday in the capital, Accra. US heads to the polls in November while Ghana follows in the month after. Ahead of the previous election in 2016, the cedi lost 11% to the US currency. President Nana Akufo-Addo of the NPP will face off with NDC’s John Mahama, in a third consecutive contest.
A $1.3bn inflow from the Ghana Cocoa Board’s syndicated loans for cocoa purchases is expected in October, and that will top up the central bank’s reserves, Courage Martey, an economist at Databank Group, said by phone.
“Our external obligations for the short-term have already been catered for,” Martey said. 
That will take pressure off the currency even in the run-up to elections, he said.
The head of financial markets at the Bank of Ghana, Steve Opata, didn’t answer Bloomberg’s calls seeking comment.
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